- Chapter Eleven -
pits is quite small. Given the average annual consumption of flour in a mixed diet as
60 kilos, supplies for ten people would occupy jLlst over a cubic metre. Ideally such
a small quantity would best be kept within the kitchen area where it could be under
constant surveillance against deterioration. Also it would be far less tedious to reduce
to pure seed form from the spikelets only as much as was needed each day. Seed
grain, of course, can be planted in spikelet form.
Within the context of the harvest there was no doubt an autumn cull of livestock,
the very old and the very young being the most likely victims. Not that a wholesale
slaughter was in any way necessary or desirable. The stock to be carried through the
winter would be dictated by the success of the hay, straw and leaf harvests. Those
that were slaughtered would have been carefully jointed and salted down or hung
from the rafters and gently smoked above the domestic hearth. Nothing would be
wasted, hides and skins being cured, sinews kept for binding and bones used for pins,
combs and toggles.
The successful gathering in of the harvest was naturally celebrated at the Festival
of Lughnasa. Probably the very next day, thick of head, the preparation for autumn
sowing began with the carting of the midden, so carefully collected throughout the
previous winter and now nicely matured, out to the autumn fields and then spread
evenly over the ground. Then the Autumn round of ploughing would begin in
earnest. Concentration would focus upon the fields to be sown but the ambition
undoubtedly would be to plough all the arable land to open it up and allow the frost
to do its work in breaking down the soil and killing off any build-up of microbes. It
is unlikely that this was recognized but experience taught that ensuing crops were
better after a number of heavy frosts had got to the soil. By the same token it would
have been experience which dictated the autumn was only finished by mid-October.
And so the agricultural year comes full circle. There are myriads of jobs around the
farm and the fields not included in this conjectural review, like the refurbishment
of ploughing tackle, mending barns and byres, repairing ravaged thatch: the list is
endless. On a farm of any time or place there are always jobs to be done outside
the normal flow of the seasonal work. That some jobs never get done indicates the
nature of the work load. All the above and much more in a sense 'must have
happened' for us to have the archaeological evidence we have. All that is conjectured
here is the deductive story behind the carbonized seed, the bone pins, empty pits and
patterns of postholes. It is a simple, perhaps simplistic, attempt to understand the
agricultural round of the Celtic year in the late first millennium Be.
FURTHER READING
Bowen, H.C. (1961) Ancient Fields, London: British Association for the Advancement of
Science.
Clarke, A. (1990) Seeing Beneath the Soil, London: Batsford.
Fowler,. PJ (1983) The Farming of Prehistoric Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Glob, P.V. (1951) Ard og Plov, Aarhus Eniversitetsforlaget. Jysk Arkaeologisk, Selskabs
Skrifter, vol. 1.
Green, M.G. (1992) Animals in Celtic Life and Myth, London: Routledge, 5-43.208