Barnes, M.P. ( 1998 ) The Norn Language of Orkney and Shetland, Lerwick: Shetland Times.
Barrett, J.H. ( 2002 ) ‘Christian and pagan practice during the conversion of Viking Age
Orkney and Shetland’, in M. Carver (ed.) The Cross Goes North, Woodbridge: Boydell
Press.
——( 2003 ) ‘Culture contact in Viking Age Scotland’, in J.H. Barrett (ed.) Contact, Continuity
and Collapse. The Norse Colonization of the North Atlantic (Studies in the Early Middle Ages 5 ),
Turnhout: Brepols.
——( 2004 ) ‘Beyond war or peace: the study of culture contact in Viking-age Scotland’, in
J. Hines et al. (eds) 2004.
——( 2005 ) ‘Economic intensification in Viking Age and medieval Orkney, Scotland:
excavations at Quoygrew’, in A. Mortensen and S.V. Arge (eds) 2005.
Barrett, J., Gerrard, J. and Harland, J. ( 2005 ) ‘Farming and fishing on medieval Westray’, Current
Archaeology, 199 : 336 – 41.
Barrett, J.H. and Richards, M.P. ( 2004 ) ‘Identity, gender, religion and economy: new isotope and
radiocarbon evidence for marine resource intensification in early historic Orkney, Scotland’,
European Journal of Archaeology, 7 : 249 – 71.
Barth, F. (ed.) ( 1969 ) Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. The Social Organization of Culture Difference,
Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
——( 1994 ) ‘Enduring and emerging issues in the analysis of ethnicity’, in H. Vermeulen
and C. Govers (eds) The Anthropology of Ethnicity. Beyond ‘Ethnic Groups and Boundaries’,
Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
Bigelow, G.F. ( 1987 ) ‘Domestic architecture in medieval Shetland’, Review of Scottish Culture,
3 : 23 – 38.
Bornholdt-Collins, K.A. ( 2003 ) ‘Viking-Age coin finds from the Isle of Man: a study of
coin circulation, production and concepts of wealth’. (Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of
Cambridge.)
Broun, D. ( 1994 ) ‘The origin of Scottish identity in its European context’, in B.E. Crawford (ed.)
Scotland in Dark Age Europe, St Andrews: The Committee for Dark Age Studies, University of
St Andrews.
Brown, M.M. ( 1997 ) ‘The Norse in Argyll’, in G. Ritchie (ed.) The Archaeology of Argyll,
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Brundle, A., Lorimer, D.H. and Ritchie, A. ( 2003 ) ‘Buckquoy revisited’, in J. Downes and
A. Ritchie (eds) Sea Change. Orkney and Northern Europe in the Later Iron Age ad 300 – 800 ,
Balgavies, Angus: The Pinkfoot Press.
Buteux, S. (ed.) ( 1997 ) Settlements at Skaill, Deerness, Orkney (British Archaeological Reports.
British Series 260 ), Oxford: BAR.
Campbell, E. ( 2002 ) ‘The Western Isles pottery sequence’, in B. Ballin Smith and I. Banks (eds)
In the Shadow of the Brochs, Stroud: Tempus.
Cowan, I. ( 1990 ) ‘Norwegian sunset – Scottish dawn, Hakon IV and Alexander III’, in N. Reid
(ed.) Scotland in the Reign of Alexander III, Edinburgh: John Donald.
Crawford, B.E. ( 1969 ) ‘The pawning of Orkney and Shetland: a reconsideration of events of
1460 – 9 ’, The Scottish Historical Review, 48 : 35 – 53.
——( 2000 ) ‘The Scandinavian contribution to the development of the kingdom of Scotland’,
Acta Archaeologica, 71 : 123 – 34.
——(ed.) ( 2002 ) The Papar in the North Atlantic: Environment and History (St John’s House
Papers No. 10 ), St. Andrews: University of St Andrews.
——( 2004 ) ‘Earldom strategies in north Scotland’, in G. Williams and P. Bibire (eds) Sagas,
Saints and Settlements, Leiden: Brill.
Crawford, I.A. ( 1981 ) ‘War or peace: Viking colonization in the Northern and Western Isles of
Scotland reviewed’, in H. Bekker-Nielsen, P. Foote and O. Olsen (eds) Proceedings of the Eighth
Viking Congress, Odense: Odense University Press.
–– chapter 30 : The Norse in Scotland––