526 JUTTA BRAUN
in the West as early as 1990/91. As a result, over the course of the 1990s,
the debates over doping took on a vehemence and thoroughness that
were not to be found in any other Western state, and certainly not in any
Eastern European state. The experience of the GDR dictatorship—whose
doping system not only resulted in the usual sport fraud, but also led to
major bodily injury—contributed to a kind of moral indignation that has
ultimately fostered tougher criticism directed at current sport policy and
its downsides.
In 1990, the attention of the sports world turned toward a comprehen-
sive reappraisal of doping practices. After the end of the Cold War, many
athletes, politicians, and sports fans hoped that it would be possible to
systematically investigate the performance manipulation that had taken
place in both the East and the West. The public discussion on doping took
on an entirely new character after Manfred Höppner, the deputy director
of the Sports Medicine Service of the GDR and the man responsible for
the GDR doping system, sat down on the sofa of the Hamburg-based
magazine Stern at the end of November in 1990. He sold his story about
the detailed history of doping in the GDR to the magazine, complete with
supporting documents.^126 Amid the wave of outrage over the apparent
manipulation in the GDR, the land of the Sportwunder, an article in Der
Spiegel made a huge splash just a few days later by revealing the massive
doping violations in West German sport. It backed up its claims not only
with eyewitness statements, but also written evidence.^127 Given the cour-
age to come forward by the revelations about the doping system in the
East, the West German athlete Claudia Lepping, one of the major instiga-
tors behind the Der Spiegel exposé, told what she knew about the mach-
inations of the national coach of the track and fi eld team, Jochen Spilker.
Not only did the ugly sides of many East German medals in all their detail
come to light within a very short time, but also these revelations stoked a
controversy about the performance enhancement that had been going on
in the Federal Republic. Headlines such as “Doping for Germany,”^128 left
a stormy cloud over the fi rst few months of a reunited country.
Over the years that followed, a series of diff erent initiatives spurred
further investigations into past doping. Two commissions of inquiry were
set up within the context of organized sports. Interestingly, they were
better able to shed light on the doping system in the former East because
of the better paper trail. Despite what they found, however, there were
virtually no consequences for those involved.^129 In contrast, the infl uence
of a science-based pilot study conducted in 1991 can hardly be overes-
timated. Shortly after the Wall came down, the cancer researcher Prof.
Dr. Werner Franke, from Heidelberg, and his wife, Brigitte Berendonk,
published a volume titled Doping-Dokumente: Von der Forschung zum Be-