China\'s Quest. The History of the Foreign Relations of the People\'s Republic of China - John Garver

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Notes

Chapter 1. The Fateful Embrace of Communism and Its Consequence

1. Mechanisms of party control are these: embedding of party organizations within
   state organs and supervision of government work by these party organizations; party con-
   trol over elections and the judicial system to ensure that these strengthen rather than un-
   dermine party leadership; party control over cadre assignments via a personnel system that
   gives the party control over the assignment, promotion, and removal of decision-making
   positions within the state (called the nomenklatura after the Soviet name for this system)
   party control over the mass media and schools combined with a party propaganda and
   ideology system; dictatorial repression of recalcitrant opposition; and party control over
   the military via a political work system. Regarding party-state relations in the contem-
   porary PRC, see David Shambaugh, China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation,
   Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008. Richard McGregor, The Party: The Secret
   World of China’s Communist Rulers, New York: Harper Collins, 2010. Kenneth Lieberthal,
   Governing China; From Revolution Through Reform, New York: W. W. Norton, 1995.


2. An extremely articulate presentation of this view by a PRC entrepreneur was
   posted online in June 2013. Eric X. Li, “A Tale of Two Political Systems.” http://www.ted.
   com/talks/eric_x_li_a_tale_of_two_political_systems?language=en.


3. A  number of empirical studies reach this or similar conclusions. Teresa
   Wright, Accepting Authoritarianism:  State-Society Relations in China’s Reform Era,
   Stanford:  Stanford University Press, 2010. Jie Chen, Popular Political Support in Urban
   China, Stanford:  Stanford University Press, 2004. Kellie S.  Tsai, Capitalism without
   Democracy:  The Private Sector in Contemporary China, Ithaca, NY:  Cornell University
   Press, 2007. Bruce J. Dickson, Red Capitalists in China: The Party, Private Enterprise and
   Prospects for Political Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.


4. Susan Shirk, The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China, Berkeley: University
   of California Press, 1993.


5. John David Armstrong, Revolution and World Order:  The Revolutionary State in
   International Society, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.


6. Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, Reading:  Addison-Wesley, 1978.
   Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Boston:  Beacon,


7. Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions, Cambridge:  Cambridge University
   Press, 1979.


8. Theda Skocpol, “Social Revolution and Mass Military Mobilization,” Worl d
   Politics, vol. 40 (1988), pp. 147–68.


9. Robert S. Snyder, “The U.S. and Third World Revolutionary States: Understanding
   the Breakdown of Relations,” International Studies Quarterly, no. 43 (1999), pp. 265–90.


10. Kenneth Bayner, The Oxford Companion to Politics and the World, 2nd ed.,
    London: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 495–6.