God’s Playground. A History of Poland, Vol. 1. The Origins to 1795
150 ANTEMURALE In the course of the eighteenth century, however, Jewish sectarianism was proliferating of its own accord. First ...
THE BULWARK OF CHRISTENDOM 151 ling merchant-preacher. He seems to have followed the practices of the Sabbateists, complementing ...
152 ANTEMURALE funeral, on 12 December 1791, resplendent in eastern splendour and Polish cos- tumes, was the last act of a supre ...
THE BULWARK OF CHRISTENDOM 153 Ligata nihil voluit fateri jednom chorzi ludzi omywala ziotkami... (Having been bound, she was wi ...
154 ANTEMURALE to Catholicism as proof of their patriotism. In those same fateful years, the Muscovite Army systematically attac ...
THE BULWARK OF CHRISTENDOM 155 neighbours as it was frightened by deviations among its co-religionists. Fierce punishments for r ...
7 SZLACHTA: The Nobleman's Paradise By the time of the Union of Lublin, the social order had settled firmly into a sys- tem of e ...
THE NOBLEMAN'S PARADISE 157 Diagram H. The Social Estates of Poland-Lithuania a) 16th Century b) in 1791 (after Korzon) ...
158 SZLACHTA Nobility. Membership of the estates was largely hereditary. Social mobility between the estates was fraught with ob ...
THE NOBLEMAN'S PARADISE 159 Diagram I. Social Groups in the Sixteenth Century a) Accoring to the Poll-tax of 1520 b) Tax Bracket ...
160 SZLACHTA within the bounds of their jurisdiction. Their commerical activities were gov- erned by the guilds and confraternit ...
THE NOBLEMAN'S PARADISE 161 To say that the origins of the Polish Nobility are clouded in mystery is some- thing of an understat ...
162 SZLACHTA 'extended family' or zadruga, but even to the Brehon Laws of Ireland and the Highland clans of Scotland.^7 The theo ...
THE NOBLEMAN'S PARADISE 163 'Dolega' or 'Doliwa' which clearly derive from battle-cries. Another line of enquiry has explored th ...
164 SZLACHTA Nobility's bargaining power was high. Concessions obtained were rarely relin- quished. In 1374, by the Statute of K ...
THE NOBLEMAN'S PARADISE 165 was open to the absolute control over the population of their estates. In com- merce, the Nobility w ...
166 SZLACHTA of 'Feudalism' was never used in so-called feudal times. Lelewel held that Feudalism was contrary to the Polish tra ...
THE NOBLEMAN'S PARADISE 167 Lithuanians had gradually adopted Polish laws and customs. But their own highly specific social stru ...
168 SZLACHTA ill-starred Barbara Radziwill, queen of Sigismund-August, and cousin to Prince Mikolaj Krzysztof Radziwill the'Blac ...
THE NOBLEMAN'S PARADISE 169 In 1569, noble land accounted for roughly 60 per cent of the total surface of the Republic, as again ...
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