238 MIASTO
brick churches into a capital of stone and marble. Continual embellishment of
the Royal Castle, notably by the addition of the Round Tower, the Theatre, and
the Senatorial and Marble Chambers by the Vasas, was complemented by the
construction of numerous supplementary residences. Anna Vasa, the king's sis-
ter, built the Kazimierz Palace, now the central building of Warsaw University.
Her nephew, Wiadysaw IV, completed the Ujazd Palace, on the southern out-
skirts. Sobieski was responsible for his Queen's summer residence at Marymont
to the north, and for Augustyn Locci's exquisite 'Villa Nova' (Wilanow) to the
south; August II for the Saxon Palace and Garden to the west; and Stanislaw-
August for the delightful Lazienki Palace which he constructed on the site of
Ujazd. Warsaw's first public monument, the Zygmunt Column raised in 1646 by
Wiadysaw IV in honour of his father, dominated the Cracow Faubourg until its
destruction in 1939, and has since been rebuilt.
The Counter-Reformation left an indelible mark. In 1602, St. John's
Cathedral received a Baroque facade and a covered gallery connecting it with
the Royal Castle. In 1608, next to the cathedral, the Jesuits celebrated their ris-
ing fortunes with a magnificent oratory containing twenty marble altars. In
1623, the Reformed Franciscans replaced their wooden chapel with a stone
church, whilst in 1638, the Dominicans dedicated their new Church of St.
Hyacinth. Many other Baroque churches, initiated in the early seventeenth cen-
tury were still awaiting completion long after the Swedish occupation. Such was
the church of the Carmelites (1630) on the Cracow Faubourg, or that of the
Piarists on Dluga Street (1681); the Sacramental Convent of St. Kazimierz (1688)
built by Marysienka in Nowe Miasto; and the Capucin Church, or the Church
of the Holy Cross (1696) by Giovanni Bellotto, opposite the Kazimierz Palace.
Devotional motives inspired August Il's construction in 1724—31, of the Aleje
Ujazdowskie, a long straight avenue whose linden trees shaded twenty-eight cal-
vary chapels. In the reign of Stanislaw-August, Catholic building was outshone
by the cylindrical Evangelical Church, designed in 1777—9 by Simon Zug.
The magnates, too, were active builders. In the sixteenth century, the
burghers of Warsaw had frequently complained to the King of the damage
inflicted on their gardens, furniture, wives, and servants by magnatial retinues
forcibly quartered on them by the Crown Marshal during sessions of this Sejm.
Clearly, the courtiers needed town houses of their own. The early examples,
those of the Kazanowski, Koniecpolski, Krasinski, Ossolinski, Danillowicz,
and Radziwill families were overshadowed by the magnificent generation of
palaces of Sobieski's reign designed by the Dutch architect, Tylman van
Gameren. Among these, the new Krasinski Palace, ordered by the Crown refer-
endary, Jan Dobrogost Krasinski (1640-1717), or the Blue Palace of the
Potockis, rivalled the properties of the King himself. In the eighteenth century,
new landmarks of elegance were afforded by the horseshoe-form Mniszek
Palace (1714); by the remodelled Pod Blacha Palace (1720) adjacent to the Royal
Castle, later presented to Prince Poniatowski by his royal uncle; and by
Franciszek Bielinski's 'Hotel' with its French rococo interior.