300 SERENISSIMAidle, waiting for an audience with the Grand Vizier, Kara Mustafa, and eventu-
ally with the Sultan. He found that the Turks would not lower their demand for
the cession of all Podolia and all the Ukraine. Except for confirmation of the
truce of Zurawno of November 1676, he returned home at the end of 1678 vir-
tually empty-handed. He had spent large sums redeeming prisoners of war, and
pandering to the cupidity of the Grand Vizier. He had failed to press the
Republic's interests or to stage any demonstration of serious purpose. But he
was not held responsible, and in 1683 he was able to accompany Sobieski to
Vienna, and, with his own regiment of hussars, to join in the charge which shat-
tered the Turkish siege. To that extent, he had his revenge. He died in 1685.^13
Grzymultowski (1610-87), Wojewoda of Poznan, despite a different tem-
perament, did not obtain a better result. He was related on the maternal side,
and also by marriage, to the Leszczynski family, and educated in France by the
Jesuits of Dole. He was known as a zealot of noble privileges, and was no politic
servant of royal authority. In 1657, he was created Senator for rallying the levee-
en-masse of Wielkopolska after Opalinski's capitulation. Yet he was frequently
involved in French and Prussian intrigues. In 1664-5, he refused to act against
Lubomirski's Rebellion, and in 1670 was charged with treason by the Sejm for
conducting a ciphered correspondence with Versailles. In 1676, he became mar-
shal of the Queen's Household. In 1681 he was responsible for breaking the Sejm
against Sobieski's wishes, and he opposed the Austrian alliance. His appoint-
ment in 1683-6 as Chief Commissioner to the peace negotiations with Moscow
was occasioned no doubt by his reputation as a man above fear or favour. Once
in Moscow, however, his independence of mind proved too much for his par-
liamentary colleagues. The Treaty of 3 May 1686, which ceded Kiev and all the
Republic's Dnieper lands, was not acceptable in Warsaw. Grzymuhowski was
judged to have exceeded his instructions, and was suspected of submitting to
Muscovite bribes. His death in May 1687 removed him from a serious predica-
ment. It is difficult to say what truth lay in the allegations against him. But the
Sejm clearly had neglected Warszewicki's advice of 'cantos in Moscoviam'.^14
Of all the many foreign diplomats who served in the Republic, none was more
extraordinary than Andreas Dudith, Bishop of Pecs, (1533-89) sometimes and
most inappropriately referred to as the 'Hungarian Erasmus'. Born in Buda of
an Italian mother, he had numerous clerical relations, and was educated at
Breslau and in Italy. In Padua, where he was outstanding among an outstanding
generation of students, he translated Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He attracted
the attention of Cardinal Pole who took him on his mission to recover England
for Catholicism. His experiences in England, however, and still more his con-
tacts across the Channel with French Protestants, drove him into a radical posi-
tion on the religious issues of the day. On return to Hungary in 1560, he
occupied the post of secretary to the Primate, and quickly climbed the episcopal