THE END OF THE RUSSIAN PROTECTORATE 409
of France, M. d'Escorches, had already gone. On 25 August 1792., this Jacobin,
ci-devant Marquis, had celebrated the Saint-Louis for the last time, commend-
ing his King and country to the Supreme Being. He was expelled that same
October, by the Confederates of Targowica, who also prevented him from
publishing his account of the Revolution in French. His secretary, Bonneau,
was arrested by the Russians and spent three years under arrest in the
Schliisselberg. His replacement, Citoyen Parandier, dispatched by the
Committee of Public Safety, never arrived. Baron Osip Andreivich von
Ingelstrom, who took over the Russian Embassy from Sievers in January 1794,
barely had time to commence work before the outbreak of Kosciuszko's Rising
on the night of 17 April forced him to escape, having burned his ciphers. But
one of his colleagues, Baron von Asch, was captured, and imprisoned as a
hostage. The entire diplomatic corps signed a petition to the King, protesting
at the assault on their immunity. But neither they nor the King could influence
the contest developing between Kosciuszko and the Russians. In June, Ludwig
von Buchholtz, the Prussian, fearing the Varsovians' wrath, packed his bags
and departed briskly. In July, Benedict de Cache, the Austrian, made an excuse
to leave for Carlsbad on vacation, but never returned. In August, the Swedish
ambassador, General Toll was arrested as a result of a conspiracy among his
own staff, one of whom, Samuel Casstrom, took his place. In November, the
Russian Army under Suvorov appeared on the east bank of the Vistula. The
storming of Praga, and the horrendous massacre of its population, ended the
Rising. Colonel William Gardner, the British Minister, and the Papal Nuncio,
Mgr Lorenzo Litta, crossed the river to plead for the lives of the capital's
inhabitants. Suvorov relented. On 7 January 1795, the King, surrounded by
120 Russian dragoons, was escorted on to the road to exile with all due pomp
and ceremony. The following day, the counsellor of the Russian mission,
Divov, informed the remaining ambassadors that the King's departure had
ended their missions, 'since the court to which you are accredited has ceased
to exist!' He ordered them to inform their governments of the changed situa-
tion and to remove the armorials from the gates of their residences. On 8
February, Stanislaw-August, writing from Grodno, bade them adieu in sepa-
rate letters, requesting them to stop all communication with his former minis-
ters, as this could only serve to intensify Russian suspicions. This prompted the
departure of Don Dominic d'Yriarte, Secretary and envoy of the King of Spain,
who had come to Warsaw out of curiosity when the execution of Louis XVI
had cut short his mission to Paris. Colonel Griesheim, the Dutchman, left
when he learned that Holland was invaded by the French revolutionary armies.
Thereafter, the diplomats were left to their own devices. On 22 November
1795, Johann Jakub Patz, the Saxon Minister, died at his post. He was buried
in the evangelical cemetery, on the same afternoon that the Nuncio was offer-
ing a vin de conge to Suvorov, who was bound for his new assignment in
Germany. On 2 December, according to the terms of the Third Partition, the
Prussian Army replaced the Russians in Warsaw. Casstrom, the Swede, and