114 GALICIA
asked by a police officer what he understood by Socialism, he said that it was
'the struggle of the workers against Capital'. To which, he received the inim-
itable reply: 'In that case you may enter Galicia, for here we have neither work-
ers nor capital.'^8
The cultural and educational achievements of the Poles in Galicia need no
advertisement. The ancient Jagiellonian University enjoyed a new lease of life.
Together with the University of Lemberg, and the Lemberg Polytechnic, re-
endowed in 1877, it earned a worldwide reputation. The Jagiellonian's Faculty
of History under Szujski and Bobrzynski; its Faculty of Medicine under Jozef
Dietl; and its Faculty of Physics under Z. F. Wroblewski and K. Olszewski,
made distinguished contributions to their subjects. The Academy of Learning,
with its five departments of scientific research, established important inter-
national connections, and was the predecessor of the modern Polish Academy
of Sciences.^9 The learned societies, the libraries, the museums, the publishers,
the bookshops, the theatres, the coffee-houses, and the journals and newspapers
of Cracow and Lemberg supplied an intellectual market which transcended the
frontiers of the three Empires. Lemberg was the home of the Ossolineum, an
institute founded in 1817 by Jozef Maksimilian Ossolinski (1748-1826) for the
dissemination of Polish arts and sciences. It also saw the founding of the Polish
Historical Society, and the senior Polish historical journal, the Kwartalnik
Historyczny (Historical Quarterly), in 1884. Cracow was the home of the
Czartoryski Museum, which opened its doors in 1878, thanks to the munificence
of Prince Adam Jerzy's son, Prince Wladyslaw Czartoryski (1828-94). It con-
tained an art gallery, library, and archive. Among the theatres, the famous Stary
Teatr in Cracow (Old Theatre) staged many of the premieres of the classic
Polish dramatic repertoire, and presided over the 'Golden Age' of Polish drama.
Both Cracow and Lemberg had large municipal theatres modelled on the Paris
Opera. Among the coffee houses, which fulfilled the function of intellectual
clubs, it would be impossible to underestimate the debates and arguments
resounding through the smoke-filled rooms of Jan Michalik in Cracow, or the
Szkocka in Lemberg. In consequence of favourable political conditions, the
number of books and newspapers published in Galicia exceeded those which
appeared in the Russian and Prussian Partitions together. From the rich store of
personalities who kept Polish cultural life at a peak of vigour, it would be hard
to choose three or four which were typical of the whole. Galicia produced its
share of splendid eccentrics, as well as its meritorious pedants. In some respects,
the theatrical world, fed in the early period by the comedies of Aleksander
Fredro (1793-1876) and later by Stanislaw Wyspiatiski, was outstanding. Yet
the most remarkable figures, perhaps, were those extraordinarily talented all-
rounders, who could flit from genre to genre with equal brilliance. One such
figure was Tadeusz Boyrzelenski (1874-1941). A medical doctor by profession,
he wrote the best-selling historical romanca, Marysienka, and was a regular per-
former in Cracow cabaret. Almost as a sideline, he completed single-handed one
of the largest tasks in the annals of Polish culture, translating into Polish all the