148 LUDthe Porcelain Factory at Belweder (Belvedere), and the well-known Dangel
coachworks on Elektoralna St., there were no less than 66 breweries, 27 flour-
mills, and 31 brick-kilns. After the Napoleonic wars, the numbers of people
seeking employment rose dramatically. The population leaped to 139,000 in
1840; 230,000 in 1861, 594,000 in 1900; and 764,000 in 1910. In the second half
of the century, Warsaw attracted five main railway lines, and grew into one of
the major junctions of Eastern Europe. Factories were built along the new lines
of communication, especially in the western and eastern suburbs. The metallur-
gical industry gradually overhauled the older food-processing and textile sectors
as the main employer. A full range of public services was duly installed, usually
by foreign concessionaires. The German gasworks (1865) was followed by the
Belgian, and later the Swedish, Telephones (1881), the English Waterworks and
Sewerage (1882), and the French electrical Power Station (1903). The horse-
tramway, which operated from 1865 to the First World War, was assisted by a
network of narrow-gauge suburban trains.
Warsaw's city centre saw important architectural additions. Under the
Congress Kingdom, the former Saxon Square was remodelled by Antoni
Corazzi. Bankowa Square was adorned by the neo-classical faeades of Lubecki's
Palace, the Ministry of Finance, and the Bank Polski (1828). The Staszic Palace,
originally the home of the Society of the Friends of Science and now the seat of
the Polish Academy of Sciences, received a Russian neo-byzantine facelift.
Corazzi's Grand Theatre was completed in 1834. After the January Rising,
construction work was redirected to the roads, bridges, offices, churches, and
housing, which were required to service the new suburbs. Broad modern boule-
vards, such as the Aleje Jerozolimskie (Jerusalem Boulevard) and the Nowy
Swiat (New World) were designed to provide rapid thoroughfares. The
Krakowskie Przedmiescie (Cracow Faubourg) was widened, and was linked to
the newly paved riverfront. After 250 years of freedom, the Vistula was again
spanned by three permanent bridges — the Alexander Suspension Bridge (1865)
built by the engineer Stanislaw Kierbedz (1810-99); the strategic northern rail-
way bridge (1876); and the lengthy Poniatowski Viaduct (1912). Most of the
city's twelve boroughs received municipal halls, several of them, as at Skaryszew
or Praga, surrounded by squares and parks. The thirteen city gates received for-
mal arcaded pavilions. The styles of the new churches were as eclectic as the reli-
gious denominations which they served. The neo-gothic was favoured by the
Reformed Evangelical Church in Leszno and by St. Florian's in Praga; the neo-
romanesque by St. Peter-and-Paul in Koszyce; the neo-baroque by St. Charles
Borromeo in Powazki; and the neo-byzantine by the numerous Russian
Orthodox churches. A start was made with municipal housing schemes by the
construction of workers' barrack blocks in Czerniakow: in the organization of
a municipal medical service by the opening of 1866 of a hospital in Praga - an
offshoot of the ancient Child Jesus Hospital - and in the provision of recre-
ational facilities by the formation in 1889 of a 'Planting Committee' devoted to
parks and open spaces. None of these developments were remarkable in the