Gödel, Escher, Bach An Eternal Golden Braid by Douglas R. Hofstadter

teins, not just enzymes. Proteins which are not enzymes are much more passive kinds of beings; many of them, for instance, are s ...

all of life, and there are many mysteries connected with it. But in essence it is easy to describe. Let us first give a pictures ...

The Genetic Code. u C A G phe ser tyr cys V U phe ser tyr cys C leu ser punc. punc. A leu ser punc. trp G leu pro his arg V leu ...

amino acid's presence means that such-and-such an operation will get performed". In other words, in real genetics, an individual ...

and firstly determines its tertiary structure, and secondly determines the function of the enzyme. This would he a completely re ...

FIGURE 96. A section of mRNA passing through a ribosome. Floating nearby are tRNA molecules, carrying amino acids which are stri ...

The real name for such a clover is transfer RNA. A molecule oftRNA is quite small-about the size of a very small protein-and con ...

This is accomplished by having the reading frames of the two genes shifted relative to each other, by exactly one unit. The dens ...

50S 30S O Incoming ribosomal subunits ,,/ 50S 30S Growing polypeptide chains ~ Complete peptide chain FIGURE 97. A polyribosome. ...

r the Prelude, Ant Fugue. The global structure-consisting of the letters 'M' and 'U'-is its quaternary structure; then each of t ...

different copyists are all at work simultaneously, each one of them copying the same original manuscript from a clef which fluti ...

called its active site, and any molecule which gets bound there is called a substrate. Enzymes may have more than one active sit ...

order for those potential proteins to be pulled out of the DNA, there must not only be ribosomes, but also RNA polymerase, which ...

Comparison of DNA's Self-Rep Method with Quining Note that in the enzymatic action on the DNA strands, the fact that information ...

There is another (extremely faint) possibility: that we could learn to read the phenotype off of the genotype without doing an i ...

.DOGMA I (Molecular Biology) strands of DNA strands of mRNA proteins proteins which act on proteins proteins which act on protei ...

Note the base-pairing of A and T (Arithmetization and Translation), as well as of G and C (Gode) and Crick). Mathematical logic ...

The Codel Code. 6 2 1 3 G::) CD G) C)^6 6 0 V V :^2 a V <e§S> punc.^1 a V punc. G:) 3 a - < c::> 6 2 G:) - G) 2 a - ...

C ontracrostipunctus Molecular Biology phonograph ¢:=> cell "Perfect" phonograph ¢:=> "Perfect" cell record ¢:=> strand ...

(a) (b) FIGURE 101, The T4 bacterial virus is an assembly of protein components (a). The "head" is a protein membrane, shaped li ...