Invitation to Psychology

410 Chapter 11 Psychological Disorders

Recite & Review

Recite: Say aloud what you remember about psychosis, the symptoms of schizophrenia, and the

origins of schizophrenia.

Review: Next, read the section on schizophrenia again.

Now take this Quick Quiz:

1. What are the five major kinds of symptoms in schizophrenia?


2. What are the likely stages in the “relay” that produces schizophrenia?
   Answers:

Study and Review at MyPsychLab

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, inappropriate behavior, and negative symptoms including loss of 1.

genetic predispositions, prenatal risk factors or birth complications, and excessive 2. motivation and emotional flatness

pruning of synapses in the brain during adolescence; these biological changes typically interact with an environmental

stressor to trigger onset of the disease.

Psychology in the news Revisited

380

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(^) Obsessive-Compulsive TrDisorders auma-Related and
Personality Disorders^ Depressive and Bipolar Disorders^
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Schizophrenia Revisited Psychology in the News,
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PSYCHOLOGICAL
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11
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has James addiction. centered had His entered representative on whether rehab “to he deal told is being with Peoplepersonal treated magazine (^) issues,” for only a sexualthatadd- (^)
ing self, help his family A that similar “he realized scandal , and help save his marriage.”that erupted this time earlier was this crucial year with to help the him-rev-
elation dozen extramarital affairs. the Pine that Grove champion clinic in golfer Mississippi WoTiods promptly checked himself intoger Wofor ods rehabilitation. had had more The than dea -
ctails linic are “shame reduction” and “setting sexual boundaries.” were These not and made other public, high-profile but among cases the courses of sexual offered infidat elitthe y
have therapist serial provoked sexual Marty affairs Klein controversy have thinks a about sexual sex addiction “addiction.” whether is people a bogus Palo who term Alto havethatsex (^)
trivializes ological reliance on a substance like drugs or alcohol. “I don’t see sex addicts,” Klein the meaning says. “I see people who of true addiction, which use sex in deis a physi--
structive ways.” If an addiction is defined as any behavior that
someone prostitute or viewing pornographyalmost any repeats sexual despite affair might the qualifyrisk. Because the diagnosis is soof serious and , so might consequences,visiting a (^)
vague, think many it is mostmental ly an health excuse professionals for cheating. and As laypeople comic Jimmy alike
Jesse James has checked into a rehab facility specializing inaddictions, saying he wanted help with his problems.
W
e have come to the end of a long walk along the
spectrum of psychological problems: from those
that cause temporary difficulty, such as occasional
anxiety, “caffeine intoxication,” or a “parent-child
relational problem,” to others that are severely dis-
abling, such as major depression and schizophrenia.
Where on this spectrum would you place “sex addic-
tion,” the popular label for the behavior of the many
men (and some women) whose sexual behavior has
gotten them in trouble?
One of the great questions generated by all diag-
noses of mental disorder concerns personal responsi-
bility. In law and in everyday life, many people reach
for a psychological reason to exonerate themselves of
responsibility for their actions. Romance writer Janet
Dailey was once caught having plagiarized whole
passages from another writer’s work, and in self-
defense she said she was suffering from “a psycho-
logical problem that I never even suspected I had.”
We wonder if it was in the DSM! But would it matter
if it were? What “psychological problem” would ab-
solve a person of responsibility for cheating?
Similarly, many people nowadays claim they are
addicted to some behavior, whether it is having sex,
shopping, or eating chocolate, as an excuse for some
habit that is unethical, self-defeating, or fattening.
Is their behavior really an addiction in the same way
that drug addiction is? As we saw in the opening news
story, psychologists disagree on the answer, and we
also saw later in the chapter that the only behavioral
pattern the DSM-5 regards as addictive, besides sub-
stance abuse, is pathological gambling. Some think
that people who repeatedly engage in sexual fantasies
and behaviors in response to stress, anxiety, or depres-
sion also have a mental disorder, especially if they
lack concern for the physical or emotional harm they
cause themselves or others. But others believe that
any behavior can fit this description and that most
everyday “addictions” are not disorders (Greenberg,
2013). Rather, they are a way of coping (badly) with
stressful problems or a self-justifying way of getting off
the hook. Indeed, having many sexual affairs is often
considered perfectly normal behavior for rich, powerful
celebrities and politicians. It only seems to become a
mental disorder when their partner finds out.
Now consider the tragic story of Andrea Yates, a
Texas woman who killed her five young children. Yates
had suffered from clinical depression and psychotic
episodes for years; she had tried to kill herself twice.
Her father, two brothers, and a sister had also suf-
fered from mental illness. Yates was overwhelmed
by raising and homeschooling all of her children by
herself, with no help from her reportedly domineer-
ing husband, who permitted her two hours a week of
personal time. Although she suffered a postpartum
psychotic episode after the birth of their fourth child
and a clinical psychologist warned against her having
another baby, her husband refused to consider birth
control, although not for religious reasons. Yates was
convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison;
the jury rejected her claim that she was so psychotic
that she thought she was saving the souls of her
children by killing them. Four years later, on appeal,
another jury found her not guilty by reason of insanity
and she was sent to a mental institution.
Does Andrea Yates deserve our condemnation for
her horrible acts of murder, or our pity? Before you
answer, you might keep this interesting evidence
in mind: Many people feel angrier and less sympa-
thetic toward people whose mental illnesses conform
to gender stereotypes, such as men who are alco-
holic and women who are depressed. They are more