Invitation to Psychology

(Barry) #1

Taking Psychology With You


Taking Psychology With You



  • 1 What Is psychology? Preface ix

  • 2 theories of personality

  • 3 Development over the life span

  • 4 neurons, hormones, and the Brain

  • 5 Body Rhythms and Mental states

  • 6 sensation and perception

  • 7 thinking and Intelligence

  • 8 Memory

  • 9 learning and conditioning

  • 10 Behavior in social and cultural context

  • 11 psychological Disorders

  • 12 approaches to treatment and therapy

  • 13 Emotion, stress, and health

  • 14 the Major Motives of life: Food, love, sex, and Work

    • Glossary G-

    • References R-

    • Credits C-

    • Name Index NI-

    • Subject Index SI-

      • Parental Influence—and Its Limits

      • The Power of Peers

      • Cultural Influences on Personality

      • Culture, Values, and Traits

        • Aggression Culture and Violence: The Cultivation of Male



      • Evaluating Cultural Approaches

      • The Inner Experience

      • Humanist Approaches

      • Evaluating Humanist Approaches

      • Psychology in the News Revisited

        • How to Avoid the “Barnum Effect” Taking Psychology With You



      • 3 Development over the lifespan

        • Psychology in the News

          • From Conception Through the First Year

          • Prenatal Development

          • The Infant’s World

          • Attachment

          • Language Development

          • Language: Built In or Learned?

          • From Cooing to Communicating

          • Cognitive Development

          • Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Stages



        • Current Views of Cognitive Development

        • Moral Development

        • Gender Development

        • Gender Identity

        • Influences on Gender Identity and Development

        • Adolescence

        • The Physiology of Adolescence

          • The Psychology of Adolescence



        • Adulthood

        • Stages and Ages

        • The Transitions of Life

        • Old Age

        • The Wellsprings of Resilience

        • Psychology in the News Revisited

          • Bringing Up Baby Taking Psychology With You



        • Brain 4 neurons, hormones, and the

          • Psychology in the News

            • The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint

            • The Central Nervous System

            • The Peripheral Nervous System











  • 1 What Is psychology? Preface ix

    • Psychology in the News

    • The Science of Psychology

    • Psychology, Pseudoscience, and Common Sense

    • The Birth of Modern Psychology

    • Psychology’s Present

    • Using Psychology to Study Psychology

    • What Psychologists Do

    • Psychological Research

    • Psychological Practice

    • Psychology in the Community

    • Critical and Scientific Thinking in Psychology

    • Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts

    • Case Studies

    • Observational Studies

    • Tests

    • Surveys

    • Relationships Correlational Studies: Looking for

    • Measuring Correlations

    • Cautions About Correlations

    • The Experiment: Hunting for Causes

    • Experimental Variables

    • Experimental and Control Conditions

    • Experimenter Effects

    • Advantages and Limitations of Experiments

    • Evaluating the Findings

    • Descriptive Statistics: Finding Out What’s So

    • Inferential Statistics: Asking “So What?”

    • Interpreting the Findings

    • Psychology in the News Revisited

      • Lying With Statistics Taking Psychology With You





  • 2 theories of personality

    • Psychology in the News

    • Psychodynamic Theories of Personality

    • Freud and Psychoanalysis

    • Other Psychodynamic Approaches

    • Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories

    • The Modern Study of Personality

    • Popular Personality Tests

    • Core Personality Traits

    • Genetic Influences on Personality

    • Puppies and Personalities

    • Heredity and Temperament

    • Heredity and Traits

    • Evaluating Genetic Theories

    • Environmental Influences on Personality

    • Situations and Social Learning

      • Sensory Adaptation vi CONTENTS

        • Sensing Without Perceiving

        • Vision

        • What We See

        • An Eye on the World

        • Why the Visual System Is Not a Camera

        • How We See Colors

        • Constructing the Visual World

        • Hearing

        • What We Hear

        • An Ear on the World

        • Constructing the Auditory World

        • Other Senses

        • Taste: Savory Sensations

        • Smell: The Sense of Scents

        • Senses of the Skin

        • The Mystery of Pain

        • The Environment Within

        • Perceptual Powers: Origins and Influences

        • Inborn Abilities

        • Critical Periods

        • Psychological and Cultural Influences

        • Perception Without Awareness

        • Psychology in the News Revisited

          • Can Perception Be “Extrasensory”? Taking Psychology With You





      • 7 thinking and Intelligence

        • Psychology in the News

        • Thought: Using What We Know

        • The Elements of Cognition

        • How Conscious Is Thought?

        • Problem Solving and Decision Making

        • Reasoning Rationally

        • Barriers to Reasoning Rationally

          • Probable) Exaggerating the Improbable (and Minimizing the



        • Avoiding Loss

        • The Fairness Bias

        • The Hindsight Bias

        • The Confirmation Bias

        • Mental Sets

        • The Need for Cognitive Consistency

        • Approach Measuring Intelligence: The Psychometric

        • The Invention of IQ Tests

        • Approach Dissecting Intelligence: The Cognitive

        • Elements of Intelligence

        • The Origins of Intelligence

        • Genes and Individual Differences

        • The Environment and Intelligence

        • Motivation, Hard Work, and Intellectual Success

        • Animal Minds

        • Animal Intelligence





    • Communication in the Nervous System

    • The Structure of the Neuron

    • Neurogenesis: The Birth of Neurons

    • How Neurons Communicate

    • Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System

    • Mapping the Brain

    • A Tour Through the Brain

    • The Brain Stem

    • The Cerebellum

    • The Thalamus

    • The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland

    • The Amygdala

    • The Hippocampus

    • The Cerebrum

    • The Two Hemispheres of the Brain

    • Split Brains: A House Divided

    • The Two Hemispheres: Allies or Opposites?

    • The Flexible Brain

    • Experience and the Brain

    • Are There “His” and “Hers” Brains?

    • Psychology in the News Revisited

      • Cosmetic Neurology: Tinkering With the Brain Taking Psychology With You





  • 5 Body Rhythms and Mental states

    • Psychology in the News

    • Experience Biological Rhythms: The Tides of

    • Circadian Rhythms

    • Moods and Long-Term Rhythms

    • The Rhythms of Sleep

    • The Realms of Sleep

    • Why We Sleep

    • Exploring the Dream World

    • Dreams as Efforts to Deal With Problems

    • Dreams as Thinking

    • Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity

    • Evaluating Dream Theories

    • The Riddle of Hypnosis

    • The Nature of Hypnosis

    • Theories of Hypnosis

    • Consciousness-Altering Drugs

    • Classifying Drugs

    • The Physiology of Drug Effects

    • The Psychology of Drug Effects

    • Psychology in the News Revisited

      • How to Get a Good Night’s Sleep Taking Psychology With You





  • 6 sensation and perception

    • Psychology in the News

    • Our Sensational Senses

    • The Riddle of Separate Sensations

    • Measuring the Senses

      • Accounting for Taste CONTENTS vii

      • Reacting to Medical Treatments

      • Operant Conditioning

      • The Birth of Radical Behaviorism

      • The Consequences of Behavior

      • Principles of Operant Conditioning

      • Skinner: The Man and the Myth

      • Operant Conditioning in Real Life

      • The Pros and Cons of Punishment

        • The Problems With Reward

        • Learning and the Mind

        • Latent Learning

        • Social-Cognitive Learning Theories

        • Psychology in the News Revisited

          • Does Media Violence Make You Violent? Taking Psychology With You





      • context 10 Behavior in social and cultural

        • Psychology in the News

        • Roles and Rules

        • The Obedience Study

        • The Prison Study

        • Why People Obey

        • Social Influences on Beliefs and Behavior

        • Attributions

        • Attitudes

        • Individuals in Groups

        • Conformity

        • Groupthink

        • The Wisdom and Madness of Crowds

        • Altruism and Dissent

        • Us Versus Them: Group Identity

        • Ethnic Identity

        • Ethnocentrism

        • Stereotypes

        • Prejudice and Group Conflict

        • The Origins of Prejudice

        • Defining and Measuring Prejudice

        • Reducing Conflict and Prejudice

        • Psychology in the News Revisited

          • Dealing With Cultural Differences Taking Psychology With You





      • 11 psychological Disorders

        • Psychology in the News

        • Diagnosing Mental Disorders

        • Dilemmas of Diagnosis

        • Dilemmas of Measurement

        • Anxiety Disorders

        • Disorders Trauma-Related and Obsessive-Compulsive





    • Animals and Language

    • Thinking About the Thinking of Animals

    • Psychology in the News Revisited

      • Becoming More Creative Taking Psychology With You





  • 8 Memory

    • Psychology in the News

    • Reconstructing the Past

    • The Manufacture of Memory

    • The Conditions of Confabulation

    • Memory and the Power of Suggestion

    • The Eyewitness on Trial

    • Children’s Testimony

    • In Pursuit of Memory

    • Measuring Memory

    • Models of Memory

    • The Three-Box Model of Memory

    • The Sensory Register: Fleeting Impressions

    • Short-Term Memory: Memory’s Notepad

    • Long-Term Memory: Final Destination

    • The Biology of Memory

    • Changes in Neurons and Synapses

    • Where Memories Are Made

    • Hormones, Emotion, and Memory

    • How We Remember

    • Mnemonics

    • Effective Encoding

    • Rehearsal

    • Retrieval Practice

    • Remembering the Strategies for Learning

    • Why We Forget

    • Decay

    • Replacement

    • Interference

    • Cue-Dependent Forgetting

    • The Repression Controversy

    • Autobiographical Memories

    • Childhood Amnesia: The Missing Years

    • Memory and Narrative: The Stories of Our Lives

    • Psychology in the News Revisited

      • This Is Your Life Taking Psychology With You





  • 9 learning and conditioning

    • Psychology in the News

    • Classical Conditioning

    • New Reflexes from Old

    • Principles of Classical Conditioning

      • Conditioning? What Is Actually Learned in Classical



    • Classical Conditioning in Real Life

    • Learning to Like

    • Learning to Fear

      • Communicating Emotions viii CONTENTS

        • Gender and Emotion

        • The Nature of Stress

        • Stress and the Body

        • Stress and the Mind

        • Stress and Emotion

        • Hostility and Depression

        • Emotional Inhibition and Expression

        • Coping With Stress

        • Solving the Problem

        • Rethinking the Problem

        • Drawing on Social Support

        • Psychology in the News Revisited

          • It Up”? The Dilemma of Anger: “Let It Out” or “Bottle





      • love, sex, and Work 14 the Major Motives of life: Food,

        • Psychology in the News

        • The Hungry Animal: Motives to Eat

        • The Biology of Weight

        • Environmental Influences on Weight

          • Body Cultural Influences on Weight and the Ideal



        • The Body as Battleground: Eating Disorders

        • The Social Animal: Motives to Love

        • The Biology of Love

        • The Psychology of Love

        • Gender, Culture, and Love

        • The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex

        • The Biology of Desire

        • Evolution and Sexual Strategies

        • The Psychology of Desire

        • The Culture of Desire

        • The Riddle of Sexual Orientation

        • The Competent Animal: Motives to Achieve

        • The Effects of Motivation on Work

        • The Effects of Work on Motivation

        • Happiness Motives, Values, and the Pursuit of

        • Psychology in the News Revisited

          • How to Attain Your Goals Taking Psychology With You



        • Glossary G-

        • References R-

        • Credits C-

        • Name Index NI-

        • Subject Index SI-



      • Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

      • Major Depression

      • Bipolar Disorder

      • Personality Disorders

      • Borderline Personality Disorder

      • Antisocial Personality Disorder

      • Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

      • Biology and Addiction

      • Learning, Culture, and Addiction

      • Debating the Causes of Addiction

      • Dissociative Identity Disorder

      • Schizophrenia

      • Symptoms of Schizophrenia

      • Origins of Schizophrenia

      • Psychology in the News Revisited

        • When a Friend Is Suicidal Taking Psychology With You





    • and therapy 12 approaches to treatment

      • Psychology in the News

      • Biological Treatments

      • Medications for Mental Disorders

      • Cautions About Drug Treatments

      • Direct Brain Intervention

      • Major Schools of Psychotherapy

      • Psychodynamic Therapy

      • Behavior and Cognitive Therapy

      • Humanist and Existential Therapy

      • Family and Couples Therapy

      • Evaluating Psychotherapy

      • Culture and Psychotherapy

      • The Scientist–Practitioner Gap

      • Problems in Assessing Therapy

      • When Therapy Helps

      • When Therapy Harms

      • Psychology in the News Revisited

        • Treatments Becoming a Smart Consumer of Psychological







  • 13 Emotion, stress, and health

    • Psychology in the News

    • The Nature of Emotion

    • Emotion and the Body

    • Emotion and the Mind

    • Emotion and Culture

    • How Culture Shapes Emotions



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