The Ten Lost Tribes. A World History - Zvi Ben-Dor Benite

19. Robinson, “Introduction,” 86. See also VanderKam and Adler,Jewish
    Apocalyptic Heritage, 83 – 84.


20. This may explain why the word “Arzareth” almost never occurs in Hebrew
    texts.


21. Wright, “Note on the ‘Arzareth’ of 4 Esdr. xiii. 45 .”


22. Witsius,Dekaphylon, 368.


23. Anderson,Alexander’s Gate, viii.


24. Westrem, “Against Gog and Magog,” 56.


25. Anderson,Alexander’s Gate, 3.


26. Romm,Edges of the Earth, 37.


27. Cited in ibid., 38.


28. Ibid., 39.


29. Robertson and Inglis, “The Global Animus,” 43.


30. The book of Ezra was originally bound together with Nehemiah.


31. The same statement appears almost verbatim in the last words of 2 Chronicles
    to emphasize the chronological continuity between the narratives of exile and return.


32. Kuhrt, “Cyrus Cylinder.” A translation of it appears in Edelman,Origins,
    362 – 363.


33. For the Persian imperial policies relating to this particular case, see Edelman,
    Origins, 332 – 351.


34. For this episode and Ezra’s role in it, see Liverani,Israel’s History, 252 – 257.


35. For the image of Ezra and on the Persian Empire and the Torah, see Watts,
    Persia and Torah.


36. On Ethiopia as Cush in the Talmud, see Neubauer,Ge ́ographie, 410.
    37 .Babylonian Talmud, Megillah, 11 a.The image is not unfounded. On Ptolemy’s
    world map, the two seem to meet. This linkage between India and Ethiopia is unique
    to the Talmud at the time. See Mayerson, “A Confusion of Indias.”


37. Romm,Edges of the Earth, 49 – 50.


38. Ibid., 57.


39. Ibid., 106.


40. Ibid., 82 – 94.


41. Allen,Persian Empire, 111 – 122.


42. See also the book of Esther, 3 : 12 – 15 , 8 : 8 – 14 , 9 : 29 – 31.


43. Josephus,Works of Flavius Josephus, 372.


44. On Ezra in Josephus, see Feldman, “Josephus’ Portrait of Ezra.” Feldman
    points out that Josephus adds details to the biblical story of Ezra’s appointment by the
    Persian rulers. This says something about a lacuna in Josephus’s treatment of the ten
    tribes being “left behind.” If he already took the liberty to embellish on the biblical
    narrative (the issuing of epistles), why didn’t he add more detail on the question of the
    tribes?


45. See again Yuval, “Myth of the Jewish Exile.”


46. See Haran, “Early to Classical Prophecy.”


47. Coggins and Knibb,First and Second Books, 268 – 269.


48. Severus,Sacred History, bk. II, ch. 11 , in Schaff et al., trans.,Sulpitius Severus.

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