Landweber|223Landweber, Julia. “Fashioning Nationality and Identity in the Eighteenth Century: The
Comte de Bonneval in the Ottoman Empire.” International History Review 30, no.
1 (2008): 1–31. This article examines European reactions to Bonneval’s conversion
in greater depth.
Notes
. Letter from Claude-Alexandre, comte de Bonneval, to Louis-Sauveur Renaud, marquis
de Villeneuve, December 19, 1729, Correspondance Politique, Turquie, vol. 81, fols. 236r–v, Ar-
chives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères, Paris, France. All translations are mine unless
otherwise stated. Bonneval used “German” and “Austrian” interchangeably in reference to the
German-speaking subjects of Hapsburg emperor Charles VI.
. Voltaire, “Lettre du 20 Déc. 1753,” quoted in Boppe, “La mode des portraits turcs au
XVIIIe siècle,” 2.
. Benedikt, Bonneval, 7–9.
. Vandal, Bonneval, 3–5. Louis XIV died in 1715.
. “Traités entre les Rois de France et les Grand-Seigneurs,” n.d., Mémoires et Documents,
Turquie, vol. 7, no. 1, fol. 19r, Archives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères.
. Letter from Bonneval to Villeneuve, June 29, 1729, Correspondance Politique, Turquie,
vol. 81, fols. 40v–43v, Archives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères.
. “Relation du voyage de M. le comte de Bonneval en Turquie” (June 14, 1739), in Ligne,
Mémoire sur le comte de Bonneval, 184–211.
. Letter from Germain Louis Chauvelin, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to Villeneuve, Oc-
tober 15, 1729, Correspondance Politique, Turquie, vol. 81, fol. 87r, Archives du Ministère des
Affaires Étrangères.
. Ibid., fols. 87r–88r.
. Letter from Bonneval to his brother, June 1741, in Ligne, Mémoire sur le comte de Bon-
neval, 168.
. Letter from Bonneval to Villeneuve, December 19, 1729, fols. 236r–v.
. Letter from Bonneval to his brother, June 1741, in Ligne, Mémoire sur le comte de Bon-
neval, 168–170.
. Letter from Bonneval to Voltaire, September 1743, in Besterman, Vo lt a ire, letter D2844.
. This was a peculiarly Western European point of view. In the early modern Muslim
world, recognition of ethnic differences did not extend to the European concept of national
identities. See Matar, “Turning Turk,” 33–35, and Fichtner, Terror and Toleration, 11.
. Ralston, Importing the European Army, 46–49.
.Mémoires du comte de Bonneval, ci devant général, 1:4.
. Ibid., 2:242.
.Mémoires du comte de Bonneval... ou Le caquet rabatu du renegat, 1:9, 11.
. D’Argens, Anecdotes vénitiennes et turques, 1:iii, 7.
. Ibid., 1:9.
. Letter from Bonneval to Voltaire, September 1743, in Besterman, Vo lt a ire; Casanova,
History of My Life, 2:70.
. Letter from Bonneval to his brother, June 1741, in Ligne, Mémoire sur le comte de Bon-
neval, 168.
. Letter from Villeneuve to Chauvelin, July 28, 1734, translated in Cassels, Struggle for the
Ottoman Empire, 93.