Aydoğan | 39Byzantines in the Battalname and the Danişmendname but came to be adopted
by the Muslims living there in the Saltukname.
Suggestions for Further Reading
Durak, Koray. “Who Are the Romans? The Definition of Bilād al-Rūm (Land of the
Romans) in Medieval Islamic Geographies.” Journal of International Studies 31
(2010): 285–298. The article analyzes the term Rum in Arabic geographical works
from the ninth to the eleventh centuries with an emphasis on the transition in its
meaning.
Heywood, Colin. “The Frontier in Ottoman History: Old Ideas and New Myths.” In
Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700, edited by Daniel Power
and Naomi Standen, 228–250. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999. The chapter dis-
cusses the historiography of the Ottoman frontier focusing on the role of frontier
ideology in shaping state policies and how this affected the terminology used by
the Ottomans to define “frontier.”
Kafadar, Cemal. Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1995. This book studies the Ottoman frontier envi-
ronment, offering an elaborate analysis of its cultural products and the method-
ologies to study them.
———. “A Rome of One’s Own: Reflections on Cultural Geography and Identity in the
Lands of Rum.” Muqarnas 24 (2007): 7–25. The article reformulates some ques-
tions related to identity, stressing different implications and the complexity of
certain concepts such as Ottoman, Turk, and Rumi.
Notes
I thank my sister, Ayşe Aydoğan, for helping me produce the map of the frontiers of Rum for
this chapter.
. Kafadar, “A Rome of One’s Own,” 17, quoting Seydi Ali Reis, MirɆatül-memâlik, ed.
Mehmet Kiremet (Ankara: Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, 1999).
. Nadia Maria El-Cheikh, Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., s.v. “‘Rum’ in Arabic Litera-
ture,” 3:601–602. For an elaborate discussion on the more nuanced implications of the term,
see Durak, “Who Are the Romans?”
. Honigmann, Bizans devletinin doğu sınırı.
. Whereas Memâlik-i İslam was used in religious contexts and Âl-i Osman was used in
dynastic ones, Memleket-i Rum was used especially when a regional (geographical) descrip-
tion was needed. Lewis, The Multiple Identities of the Middle East, p. II.
. Nizameddin Şami, Zafername, 294, cited in Özbaran, Bir Osmanlı Kimliği, 99.
. Power, “Frontiers: Terms, Concepts, and the Historians of Medieval and Early Modern
Europe,” 3.
. Colin Heywood, “The Frontier in Ottoman History,” 231 (emphasis in original).
. Ibid., 233.
. Ibid., 234–236; Wittek, “Deux chapitres de l’histoire des Turcs de Roum,” 285–319.
. This view of the frontier narratives as composed of many layers and reflecting different
historical and ideological positions is based on Cemal Kafadar’s discussion of the sources in
his Between Two Worlds, esp. chap. 2, 60–117.