306 Index
friendship (Cont.)
characteristics and benefits of, 142– 143
characteristics of, x– xi, 21, 43– 44, 62
conjunctive nature of, 285
current scholarship on, 66
deep and surface structures of, 143
defining, 61– 66, 124, 234, 285– 286
defining animals as friends, 158– 160
defining qualities of, 249– 250
development of, 27– 30, 28f
effects of personality on development of,
31– 32
effects on health and well- being, 160– 161, 289
evolving definitions of, ix– x
expectations of, xiii, 45– 46
functions of, xi– xii
importance of, 4, 283– 284, 297
paradigms of, 66– 67
perceptions of among African American and
White men, 44
personality similarity and, 26– 27
possibility of teaching, 283
prototype approach to defining, 286
with relatives, 44
scholarship on, 66, 67– 69
significance in contemporary society, 207– 208
sources of, 22
stages of the life course, xii– xiii
styles of, 47
and trends in U.S. racial and ethnic diversity,
75, 87
vs. acquaintanceship, 124– 125
vs. peer acceptance, 7
friendship, across race, ethnicity, and sexual
orientation
barriers to, 76– 79, 85
facilitators of, 79– 82
future directions for research, 86– 87
overcoming physical and psychological barriers
to, 75– 76, 87
over the life span, 82– 84, 84– 86
friendship, after romantic relationship
boundaries and rules of, 186
effect of individual differences, 178
effect of preromance friendship, 181
expectations and motivations, 179
future research, 189– 191
and hope for romantic reconciliation, 179– 180
implications of research for therapy, 190
interdependence in, 184– 185
navigating shared social networks, 187,
189– 190
new romantic partner, 188
postdissolution contact and communication,
183– 184
presence of children, 188– 189
and romantic relationship disengagement,
181– 183
trajectories and transitions of, 185
variations on, 177– 178
friendship, among coworkers
defining and describing, 124– 125
and dual vs. single- role relationships, 128– 130
friendship deterioration, 130– 131
impact of gender on, 131– 133
importance to organizations, 123– 124, 135
individual- level benefits and challenges of,
133– 134
motives for, 126– 127
organization- level benefits and challenges of,
134– 135
suggestions for encouraging, 134– 135
transitions to, 127
types of organizational relationships, 127– 128
vs. other workplace relationships, 125
friendship, and gender among adult friends
academic books on, 67– 69
defining “opposite- sex” and “same- sex”
friendships, 65
heteronormative bias in research, 69
“opposite- sex” and “same- sex” friendships,
notions of, 62– 63, 64, 65– 66, 71– 72
same- sex and other- sex friendships, similarities
and differences in, 66– 67, 203– 204
shifts in gender paradigm, 64– 65
theoretical perspectives on, 69– 71
transsexuals and “opposite- sex” friendships,
59– 60, 65, 71– 72
friendship, and mentorship
benefits and costs of friendship, 150– 151
a conceptual model of, 151– 153, 152f
considerations for future research, 153– 154
defining mentorship, 143
and demographic groups, 151
developing mentoring relationships, 144
developmental networks, 147– 148
increasing opportunities for, 142
informal mentoring and natural mentors,
148– 150
instrumental aid and psychosocial support,
143, 145
overlapping of, 141– 142, 144
peer mentors, 145– 147
perceptions of relationship, 149– 150
and power distance, 151– 153
friendship, and romance
benefits of friendship for romantic dyads, 115– 117
friendship within romantic dyads, 112– 115
and fulfillment of relational needs, 109– 111
future directions for research, 117– 119
impact of external friendships on, 111– 112
importance of friendship to romance, 109