Index 307friendship, and social media
forming and trusting impressions, 96– 97
friendship processes and social media, 95– 96
future directions for research, 102– 104
maintaining relationships on social media, 97– 98
and psychosocial outcomes, 100– 102
redefining friendship, 93– 95
social capital and social support, 99– 100
social media site design and architecture, 102– 103
use of multiple types of media, 98– 99
friendship, competition in
in adulthood, 218– 221
as both virtue and vice, 213– 214
competition among adolescents, 217– 218
and cultural values, 223– 224, 225– 226
future research directions, 224– 225
impact of, 221, 224
motives, needs, and gender socialization,
221– 222
nature of competitiveness, 214– 215
role of competition across the life span,
215– 216, 225
types of competition, 222– 223
friendship, human- pet relationships
and addressing social anxiety, 169– 170
and anthropomorphism, 159– 160, 168– 169
benefits for adults, 162– 166
benefits for children, 161– 162, 164, 166
benefits over the life span, 169
defining animals as friends, 158– 160
effects of pet ownership on stress and anxiety,
164– 165
and human sense of self, 157– 158
psychosocial and other benefits for animals,
167– 168
and social needs fulfillment, 167f
as social resources, 170
friendship, in childhood and adolescence
assessing friendship, 5– 6
consequences of experiences, 6– 11
functions of, 4– 5
future directions for research, 14– 15
negative consequences of, 11– 14
and peer group acceptance, 3
friendship, in old age
affective motifs and processes, 46– 48
behavioral motifs and processes, 48– 50
benefits of animals as friends, 163
cognitive motifs and processes, 43– 46
history of research on, 39– 41
interactive motifs and processes, 41– 42, 42– 43
friendship, in young and middle adulthood
changes in quality of friendships, 29– 30
developing friendships, 27– 30, 28f
effects of friendship on personality
development, 31– 32
future research on, 32– 34
and personality traits, 24– 27, 30– 31
sources of friendship, 22
types of friendship networks, 23– 24
validation and emotional support, 22– 23
friendship, reflections on
attempts to define friendship, 285– 286
the benefits of friendship, 289– 290
the downside of friendship, 290– 291
moderately frequently mentioned
recommendations for research, 294– 295
most frequently mentioned themes in
scholarship, 292, 294
recommendations for future research, 293b
reconciling pros and cons of friendships,
291– 292
theory as future direction for research, 295– 297
why friendships are important, 283– 284, 297
friendship and health
benefit of social relationships, 233, 244
benefits of online friendship, 243– 244
bidirectional association between, 238
clinical health outcomes, 240– 241
effects of friendship on health, 239– 242, 289
effects of friendship on mortality, 241– 242
effects of health on friendship, 238– 239
friends as source of stress, 242– 243
and health behaviors, 239
historical and theoretical perspectives on,
235– 236
pathways for influence, 236– 238
potentially deleterious effects of friendship,
242– 243
and self- reported health and
symptomology, 240
social contagion and unhealthy behaviors, 242
terminology and measures of, 234
friendship and mental health functioning
associations between, 251– 252
befriending programs, 262
benefits of friendship, 250– 251
defining qualities of friendship, 249– 250
developmental contributors to friendship
capacity, 250
future research directions, 262– 263
links between, 249, 263, 289
mental health distress and relationship
qualities, 260t
original analysis of data regarding, 253
psychiatric diagnostic and treatment histories,
and relationship qualities, 256t– 257t
social support and mental health, 252– 253
study discussion, 261– 262
study materials, 254– 258
study participants and procedure, 253– 254
study results, 258– 261