How Not to Network a Nation. The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet

166 Chapter 5 day simply because two seats were vacated by a general secretary who had to attend a planned celebration and a pri ...

The Undoing of the OGAS, 1970 to 1989 167 A year later, in 1977, the state decided to declassify the OGAS Project, meaning that ...

168 Chapter 5 enterprise costs on average about 800 thousand rubles (or roughly just over $1 million U.S. in the 1970s or over $ ...

The Undoing of the OGAS, 1970 to 1989 169 the experience of networked computing in the late Soviet period revealed just how mode ...

170 Chapter 5 Few among the technocratic optimists or the disappointed practitio- ners were prepared to make the more general ob ...

The Undoing of the OGAS, 1970 to 1989 171 the bluntest critic of computerized communication in the USSR”), it took a particularl ...

172 Chapter 5 For its main theorist, the OGAS Project could not meaningfully upgrade to the command economy technologically with ...

The Undoing of the OGAS, 1970 to 1989 173 to introduce networked computing into social and economic planning would break against ...

174 Chapter 5 hierarchy—and not, say, a fully distributed design or even an unevenly decentralized or heterarchical model—was a ...

The Undoing of the OGAS, 1970 to 1989 175 economic body and not the nation as a brain follows from this felt obliga- tion to “mu ...

176 Chapter 5 which reigned as chess hegemony for most of its existence, took its strategic chess, computer, and long-term plann ...

The Undoing of the OGAS, 1970 to 1989 177 car and driver. Buoyed by such a reputation, he wrote a strong-willed let- ter to Prav ...

178 Chapter 5 The Pioneer Project and the OGAS Project shared more than a common organizational framework and set of state-of-th ...

The Undoing of the OGAS, 1970 to 1989 179 long concerned itself with the advancement of computer chess programs, which grew expo ...

180 Chapter 5 library of index cards that recorded global grandmaster games, saved exclu- sively for study by students at his So ...

The Undoing of the OGAS, 1970 to 1989 181 How Hidden Networks Unravel Cybernetworks This chapter has introduced and advanced an ...

182 Chapter 5 Dmitry Ustinov, one of his staunchest supporters in the military. Ustinov, Glushkov reflected, had managed to do i ...

The Undoing of the OGAS, 1970 to 1989 183 Gorbachev. Kitov’s notes record that he was told two things: first, he was to be thank ...

184 Chapter 5 Here Kitov faults not the top leadership of the country but the insti- tutional logic of administrators in the mid ...

The Undoing of the OGAS, 1970 to 1989 185 the Institute for Telecommunications in Moscow under the directorship of Aleksandr Kha ...