Notes to Chapter 1 231
Gerovitch, From Newspeak to Cyberspeak, 119–121.
Published under the pseudonym “Materialist,” Voprosy Filisofii 5 (1953): 210–
Gerovitch, From Newspeak to Cyberspeak, 124–126. See also Ocherki istorii informa-
tiki v Russii, ed. D. Pospelov and Ya. Fet (Novosibirsk: Nauchnyi Tsentr Publikatsii
RAS, 1998).
Mark M. Rosenthal and Pavel F. Iudin, eds., Kratkiĭ filosofskiĭ slovar’, 4th ed.
(Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1954), 236–237; also quoted in Masani, Norbert Wiener, 261.
Gerovitch, From Newspeak to Cyberspeak, 119.
Ilia B. Novik, “Normal’naia Lzhnauka” [ “A Normal Pseudoscience”], Voprosy isto-
rii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki (Questions of History of Natural Science and Technology) 4
(4) (1990), quoted in Gerovitch, From Newspeak to Cyberspeak, 103.
For more reading on Soviet science, see note 43. On Vygotsky in particular, see
Alex Kozulin, Vygotsky’s Psychology: A Biography of Ideas (Cambridge: Harvard Uni-
versity Press, 1990).
Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower (Univer-
sity Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 94–96, 163–173.
George Paloczi-Horvath, Khrushchev: The Making of a Dictator (New York: Little,
Brown, 1960), 202.
Paloczi-Horvath, Khrushchev: The Making of a Dictator, 202.
Ibid., 80.
David Holloway, “Physics, the State, and Civil Society in the Soviet Union,” His-
torical Studies in Physical and Biological Sciences 100 (1) (1999): 173–192; Loren R.
Graham, “How Robust Is Science under Stress?,” What Have We Learned about Science
and Technology from the Russian Experience? (Stanford: Stanford University Press,
1998), 52–73.
Ivan Pavlov, Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the
Cerebral Cortex, trans. and ed. G. V. Anrep (London: Oxford University Press, 1927).
Josephson, New Atlantis Revisited.
Stanislav Boguslavski, Henryk Grenievski, and Jerzy Szapiro, “Dialogi o cyberne-
tyce,” Mysl filozoficzna 4 (14) (1954): 158–212, cited in Günther, “Cybernetics and
Dialectical Materialism of Marx and Lenin.”
Anatoly Kitov, “Chelovek, kotoryi vynes kibernetiku iz sekretnoi biblioteki”
[“ The Man Who Brought Cybernetics Out of a Secret Library”], interview,
Komp’iuterra 43 (November 18, 1996): 44–45.