254 Notes to Chapter 5
insisted on building it by decree from above.” Although this claim is not wrong, it
misses his earlier point that, aside from having no other option, the top-down
system did not behave as a self-regulating hierarchy. The argument offered here
looks to describe the same administrative challenges by using terms like heterarchy,
which cuts a middle way through top-down and bottom-up, horizontal and vertical
network structural discourse. Castells, The End of the Millennium, 26–37, 61–66; Gero-
vitch, “InterNyet,” 347.
- David Edmonds and John Eidinow’s popular Bobby Fisher Goes to War: How a
Lone American Star Defeated the Soviet Chess Machine (New York: Harper Perennial,
2005). - Zvi Y. Gitelman and Yaakov Ro’i, eds., Revolution, Repression, and Revival: the
Soviet Jewish Experience (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 119. - Frederic Bozo, Marie-Pierre Rey, N. Piers Ludlow, and Bernd Rother, eds., Visions
of the End of the Cold War in Europe, 1945–1990 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2012),
76–86. - Daniel Johnson, White King and Red Queen: How the Cold War Was Fought on the
Chessboard (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), esp. chap. 6. - Boris Stillman, Linguistic Geometry (New York: Springer, 2000), xi.
- Bruce Abramson, Digital Phoenix: Why the Information Economy Collapsed and How
It Will Rise Again (Cambridge: MIT Press), 89–90. - Johnson, White King and Red Queen, chap. 6.
- Nathan Engsmenger, “Is Chess the Drosophila of Artificial Intelligence?,” Social
Studies of Science 42 (1) (2011): 5–30. See also John McCarthy, “Chess as the Dro-
sophila of AI,” accessed April 15, 2015, http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/drosophila/
drosophila.pdf. - E. M. Landis and I. M. Yaglom, “About Aleksandr Semenovich Kronrod,” Uspekhi
Matematicheskikh Nauk 56 (5) (2001): 191–201, accessed April 15, 2015, http://www.
mathnet.ru/links/1e483992e9f2c42fda4390d0116737a3/rm448.pdf. - Wiener, God and Golem, Inc., 15–25.
- Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich (hosts), “The Rules Can Set You Free,” Radio-
Lab, National Public Radio, April 9, 2013. - Walter Ong, Orality and Literacy (New York: Routledge, [1972] 2012), 82.
- Philip von Hilger, War Games: A History of War on Paper (Cambridge: MIT Press,
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1–160.