Western Civilization.p

Europe in an Age of Nationalism, 1848–70 485

had withdrawn the army and joined them in saluting
the bodies of the rebels.
In Vienna, Prince Metternich also resisted demands
for liberalization and soon had more problems than he
could handle. The most ominous was the awakening of
nationalism throughout the empire, especially Hungar-
ian nationalism, led by Lajos Kossuth. Kossuth was a
reforming journalist who had spent four years in prison

for political crimes and had been elected to the Hun-

garian Diet in 1847. When the news from Paris reached

Buda (still a separate town from Pest), Kossuth inflamed

opinion with a patriotic speech demanding Hungarian

autonomy. By 1849, he was the leader of an insurrec-

tion that declared Hungarian independence. The Hun-

garian rebellion encouraged the other peoples of the

Habsburg Empire to seek freedom. In April 1848,

Balt

icS

ea

Atlantic

Ocean

Mediterranean Sea

North

Sea

R.

bro

E

Danu

be R.

LoireR.

BalearicIsl

ands

SCHLESWIG

HOLSTEIN

HANOVER

HESSE

PARMA

MODENA

VENETIA

TRANSYLVANIA

CROATIA

DALMATIA

GALICIA

MORAVIA

SAXONY

LOMBARDY

PAPAL

STATES

BAVARIA

BOHEMIA

Paris

Berlin

Frankfurt

Baden

Stuttgart

Dresden

Prague

Cracow

Vienna

Buda Pest

Munich

Milan

Florence

Rome

Palermo

Venice

FRANCE

SPAIN

PORTUGAL

GREAT

BRITAIN

KINGDOM OF

NORWAY AND SWEDEN

DENMARK

BELGIUM

NETHERLANDS

SWITZERLAND

RUSSIAN

EMPIRE

AUSTRIAN

EMPIRE

OTTOMAN

EMPIRE

GREECE

KINGDOM

OF THE

TWO SICILIES

KINGDOM

OF

SARDINIA

Sardinia

Corsica

Sicily

PRU

SSI

A

Pyr

enee

sMts

.

Alp

sM

ts.

Carpath

ianM

ts.

Location of revolt

Boundary of the

Germanic Confederation

0 250 400 Miles

0 200 400 600 Kilometers

MAP 25.1

The Revolutions of 1848–49