Western Civilization.p

53 6Chapter 27

today Indonesia) or the Spanish (the Philippines) for
centuries. China and Japan had largely resisted Western
penetration, except for toeholds such as Hong Kong,
which the British leased in 1841.
The new imperialism refreshed the European ap-
petite for Asia. Between 1882 and 1884 the French sub-
jugated the region of modern Vietnam, and their

expedition continued until Cambodia (1887) and Laos

(1893) were combined with Annam to form French

Indo-China. This prompted the British to complete

their annexation of Burma (1886) and to reach south

for the Malay States (today Malaysia), which became a

British-run federation in 1896. By the turn of the cen-

tury, only Siam (Thailand) remained independent in

Indu

s

R.

rU

al R.

Vo

lga

R.

Hu

ang

R.

Cha

ngR.

Pacific

Ocean

Indian

Ocean

Aral

Bay of

Bengal

Sea of

Okhotsk

Arabian

Sea

South

China

Sea

Sea of

Japan

Ca

spi

an

Sea

Sea

Marianas

Islands

Guam (U.S.)

Caroline Islands

Bismarck

Arch.

Trans–Siberian

Railroad RUSSIA

INDIA

PERSIA

AFGHANISTAN

SIAM

CHINA

MANCHURIA

KOREA

FORMOSA

FRENCH

INDO-

CHINA

MALAY

STATES

AUSTRALIA

TIMOR

NEW

GUINEA

CEYLON

PHILIPPINE

ISLANDS

BHUTAN

BURMA

ANNAM

KWANTUNG

NEPAL

TIBET

SUMATRA

CELEBES

SARAWAK

JAVA

BORNEO

BALI

MONGOLIA

J A

P

A

N

D

U

TC

H

EA

ST I

NDIES

Diu

Daman

Goa

Mahé

Karikal

Pondicherry

Yanaon

Chandarnagar

KwangchouMacaoHong

Kong

Wei–Hai–Wei

Tokyo

Beijing

Vladivostok

Kiaochow

Kowloon

Manilla

Kabul

Bombay

Shanghai

Bangkok

Saigon

Port

Arthur

Him

alay

anM

ts.

Great Britain

United States

Dutch

Japan

Russia

Portugal

Independent

France

Germany

Sphere of influence

Homeland

Chinese border, 1850

0 500 1000 Miles

0 500 1000 1500 Kilometers

MAP 27.3

Asia in 1914