Western Civilization.p

554Chapter 28

after the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II, could only
hope that the treaty would be based on the idealistic
Fourteen Points stated in early 1918, in a speech by
U.S. president Woodrow Wilson (who had endorsed
“peace without victory” as late as 1916). Although
dozens of states sent diplomats to Paris, the basic ele-
ments of the treaties were negotiated among represen-
tatives of the “Big Four” wartime allies—chiefly by
Wilson, Premier Georges Clemenceau of France, and

Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain, and

sometimes including Premier Vittorio Orlando of Italy.

This was similar to the situation at Vienna in 1815

(where France had initially been excluded from negoti-

ations among the four victorious great powers), with an

important exception: One of the great powers that had

fought long for the allied cause, Russia, was an ex-

cluded pariah state in 1919, governed by Communist

revolutionaries who had negotiated a separate peace.

North

Sea

Black

Sea

Me

dit

erra

nean

Sea

Bal

ti

c

S

e

a

Po R.

Ebro

R.

Seine R. Danube

R.

Dniester

R.

Dniep

er R.

Ad

riat

icS

ea

BESSARABIA

S. TYROL

ALSACE-

LORRAINE

EUPEN-

MALMEDY

N. SCHLESWIG EAST MEMEL

PRUSSIA

CORRIDOR

UPPER

SILESIA

GALICIA

TRANSYLVANIA

SAAR

GREAT

BRITAIN

NORWAY

SWEDEN

FINLAND

ESTONIA

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

SPAIN

FRANCE

GERMANY

BELGIUM

NETH.

SWITZ.

ITALY

GREECE

ALBANIA

TURKEY

ROMANIA

BULGARIA

YUGOSLAVIA

AUSTRIA

HUNGARY

SOVIET

UNION

LUX.

DENMARK

London

Madrid

Paris

Amsterdam

Oslo Stockholm

Berlin

Danzig

Vienna

Budapest

Bucharest

Rome

Trieste

Fiume

Sofia

Leningrad

Prague

Warsaw

Athens

Copenhagen

Bern

Istanbul

ISTRIA Belgrade

Corsica

Sardinia

Balearic

Isla

nds

Sicily

Crete

By Russia

By Germany

By Bulgaria

By Austria–Hungary

Lost immediately after World War I

0 200 400 Miles

0 200 400 600 Kilometers

MAP 28.1

Europe in 1919