104 PART | III ITS business models
Recent ITS research efforts focus on the application of innovative tech-
niques for highly automated driving. Nevertheless, it is to be mentioned that
these innovations can be transferred to other industrial domains. Higher level
of automation represents a three-dimensional challenge—organizational, func-
tional, and cyber-physical (Fig. 9.2). The speed of change is often limited by the
organization “value chains” that create, manufacture, and service the systems
and products.
FIGURE 9.2 A challenge in three dimensions.
FIGURE 9.1 Crosssectional application of ITS innovations.