136 PART | III ITS business models
The outcomes of ITS deployment will help to realize fail-operational auto-
mated vehicles. More precisely, ITS will pave the way to achieve this, by pro-
viding the fundamentals of validated concepts for the main missing building
blocks—fail-operational sensors, fail-operational sensor fusion, and fail-opera-
tional control and E/E architecture relying on human-inspired decision model-
ing, utilizing AI-based learning control architectures and signal abstraction as
basis for cognitive decision making and non-causal reasoning.
Moreover, social impact through ITS will be achieved through carefully
considering social and legal requirements for the design of ITS solutions, in
order to increase user acceptance and provide a roadmap for the adoption of ITS
relevant technologies. In general, ITS will contribute to:
• Increased safety primarily through the reduction of human error and there-
fore the number of accidents (90%–95% of accidents are due to human er-
rors); this has the potential to make road traffic as safe as aviation or rail
travel.
• Increased-road occupancy, ranging from approximately 50%–300% in-
crease (depending on the penetration rate of connected and automated ve-
hicles and the use of dynamic services such as ridesharing).
• Reduced perception of travel as lost time, contributing thus to reduce the
“cost” of travel time.
• Increased mobility for users that currently cannot drive due to physical,
mental, or age-related restrictions
• Increased accessibility to cities from peri-urban/rural areas through the pro-
vision of automated first/last-mile services and its seamless integration with
other public transport systems.
12.2.2 Enhancements in traffic safety
The list of human influence factors causing accidents is long. Examples are
drowsiness, inattention, distraction, speeding, tailgating, and smartphone use
while driving, etc. Many of these can at least be partly overcome by cognitive
intelligence and human-like automated driving. The World Health Organization
reports about 1.2 million deaths and 50 million injuries in road crashes annu-
ally, whereas the number of people killed annually in the United States due to
drowsy driving reaches 5000. Fatigue is a major factor for crashes, being behind
one out of six fatal crashes on highways since it affects drivers’ attention, reac-
tion time, and ability to control the vehicle on emergency.
In order to confront such risks, in 2014 the European Union has issued a
revision on driving licenses, which is mandatory for all member states (EU
Directive 2014/85/EU) and complies with the directions of the EU OSA
Working Group concerning the drivers with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
(OSAS). OSAS is a chronic disease of the respiratory system that directly cor-
relates with sleepiness, and which could take place frequently, during the day, in
a very unpredictable manner. The disease has been included in the accident-risk