168 PART | IV ITS regulations, policies and standards
communication, (2) zero avoidable congestion by increasing access to informa-
tion, (3) 50%–70% reduction in transport greenhouse gas emissions using per-
formance monitoring systems for vehicles and promoting electric vehicles. In the
strategy document, they provide a map of Australian ITS Industry Participants,
which includes governmental authorities, research and development groups, and
academia, transport logistics companies, industry associations, and clusters, etc.
They also provide the roadmap for this cooperative effort, which comprises the
main steps of the Plan-Do-Check-Adjust iterative process and clearly define the
roles of the government and the industry. In the last few years, a robust research
and development ecosystem has been developed in Australia, which includes the
national collaborative research center iMOVE, the Australian Integrated Multi-
modal Ecosystem, and the national science agency CSIRO’s Data61. Australia
has announced a reform agenda that builds on ITS, connected and autonomous
vehicles, and mobility as a service in order to improve the safety, efficiency, and
sustainability of the national transport system (Austrade, 2019).
15.2 ITS programs
The United States has long been investing in sustainable intelligent vehicle high-
way systems and ITSs (Black, 1996 ). The US DOT’s ITS JPO report (Maccubbin
et al., 2008) presents various ITS application areas, which are divided into larger
sections and target both the infrastructure and the vehicles. The Infrastructure
section refers to roadways and refers to safety, preventive maintenance, and
monitoring applications for roadways, and freeways. The Management section
comprises applications for supporting transportation management centers such
as transit and fleet management, traffic, and incident management applications.
It also comprises applications that facilitate frequent drivers, such as electronic
payment and pricing apps, traveler information services, etc. The freight section
contains applications that facilitate freight and commercial vehicle transporta-
tion as well as intermodal freight. Finally, the vehicle section describes collision
warning and in-vehicle navigation systems.
The activities of the US 2015–19 ITS program of JPO (Barbaresso
et al., 2014) are mainly focused on connected vehicles and driven by two pri-
mary types of communications technologies: V2V communications that employ
the technology of dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and commu-
nications that apart from DSRC can use cellular, WiFi, or satellite networks. In
all the remaining blocks, such as automation, interoperability, etc., the focus
was on the properly designed development of a national vehicle and transpor-
tation system. Many more programs have been provisioned for the 2017–21
period (US Department of Transportation, 2016):
- The US DOT T2 Program focused upon research collaboration, knowledge
transfer, information dissemination, and practical application of research.