Dimitrakopoulos G. The Future of Intelligent Transport Systems 2020

4 PART | I ITS technology enablers

4. Driving safety improvement: CCAM solutions that will assist the driver in
   effectively handling sudden or unforeseen situations, especially for SAE
   Levels 3 and beyond.


5. Business models: Solutions that will envisage new revenue generators for all
   involved stakeholders, that is, vehicle-to-business communications.


6. Traveler’s information enhancement: Real-time, accurate, and tailored in-
   formation provision to the driver, especially when information originates
   from multiple sources and is associated with large amounts of data.
   Last, while many prototypes exist, which demonstrate CCAM technologies,
   they are confined to special applications and somehow limited to simple scenari-
   os. Past and on-going projects on CCAM focus on vehicle platooning, where ve-
   hicles operate in a well-defined and structured environment (highway scenarios).
   In such a context, the vehicle needs to efficiently (in a fail-operational man-
   ner) perceive its environment, that is acquire contextual information, so as to be
   fully aware of its surroundings and be able to take optimal decisions regarding
   its velocity, direction, and overall behavior on the road.
   Any mobile robot must be able to localize itself, perceive its environment,
   make decisions in response to those perceptions, and control actuators to move
   about (Burgard et al., 1999). In many ways, autonomous cars are no differ-
   ent. Thus many ideas from mobile robotics generally are directly applicable to
   highly automated (also autonomous) driving. Examples include GPS/IMU fu-
   sion with Kalman filters (Thrun, Burgard, & Fox, 2005), map-based localization
   (Dellaert et al., 1999), and path planning based on trajectory scoring (Kelly &

TABLE 1.1 Summary of levels of driving automation for on-road vehicles.

SAE

level Name

Steering and

acceleration Perception Fallback

System

capabilities

Human in charge of perception

0 No

automation

Driver Driver Driver None

1 Driver

assistance

Driver +

System

Driver Driver Some driving

modes

2 Partial

automation

System Driver Driver Some driving

modes

System full in charge of perception

3 Conditional

Automation

System System Driver Some driving

modes

4 High

Automation

System System System Some driving

modes

5 Full

Automation

System System System All driving

modes

Source: ERTRAC, 2015.