List of Illustrative Material
Tables
1.1 Total GDP in 2012 (current US$) 24
1.2 GDP per capita and GDP adjusted for PPP 25
1.3 Life expectancy, 1000–1999 (years at birth for both sexes
combined) 29
1.4 Malnutrition, low height for age 35
1.5 Malnutrition, low weight for age 35
2.1 GDP in ten large economies, 1950 and 2010 44
2.2 Growth rates of real GDP per capita (average annual
percentage changes) 45
2.3 Hours worked in now-developed countries 1870–1998 56
2.4 Labour productivity in now-developed countries, 1870–1998 57
2.5 Growth-accounting breakdown of sources of growth (average
annual percentage changes) 57
2.6 Sources of growth in developing countries, 1960–94 (average
annual percentage changes) 58
2.7 Sources of growth: China, India, and East Asia, 1978–
(percentage average annual GDP increase) 58
6.1 Adult and youth literacy rates 118
6.2 Health indicators in developed and developing countries, 2011 119
7.1 Per capita GDP levels, 1500 and 1820 155
8.1 Agriculture’s share of GDP in selected Asian, African and
Latin American countries, 1960, 1980, 2000 and 2010 169
8.2 Industry’s share of GDP in selected Asian, African and Latin
American countries, 1960, 1980, 2000 and 2010 173
8.3 Services’ share of GDP in selected Asian, African and Latin
American countries, 1960, 1980, 2000 and 2010 175
13.1 Regional percentage shares of world exports, 1870–1998 271
Figures
I.1 Deeper and proximate determinants of growth 7
3.1 Investment and economic growth 62
3.2 Diminishing returns to investment 67
4.1 Population growth as a proximate determinant of economic
growth 81
5.1 Technology and economic growth 99x