218 | Nature | Vol 579 | 12 March 2020
Article
in conventional charge-based circuits. Moreover, because our logic
inputs and outputs are based on the same physical phenomena, several
logic gates can be cascaded directly, without the need for additional
transducers between magnetic and electric signals (Extended Data
Fig. 5). As examples, we present in Fig. 4c a binary half adder created
by cascading four NAND gates to form an XOR gate, and show the full
adder operation by cascading 15 NAND gates in Fig. 4d. This circuit
also demonstrates the possibility to fan out a single output that can be
used to drive the input of the next logic gates. A remaining challenge
is to create magnetic logic circuits with feedback loops. This could be
realized by using either an external electrical circuit to read the output
and write this back to the input with MTJs, or an additional racetrack
with an inverted current direction to drive DWs from the output back
to the input.
For device applications, the scalability and efficiency of magnetic
DW logic circuits should also be addressed. Because the chiral coupling
induced by the DMI is effective at the scale of the magnetic moments,
it should be possible to reduce the size of the logic gates down to a few
nanometres by using advanced lithography techniques. The speed of
the logic operations is related to the DW velocity, which can reach several
hundreds of metres per second for chiral DWs driven by SOTs^21 –^24.
The operation time can be estimated from the time required for a
DW to transfer across the gate, which can be as short as a few tens of
picoseconds for an inverter scaled down to 10 × 10 nm^2 (see Methods).
The energy consumption of a single NOT operation in our 0.8 × 1-μm^2
racetracks is about 20 pJ, which would scale down to less than 20 aJ
in structures with a footprint of 10 × 10 nm^2 (see Methods). The non-
volatility of the magnetic inputs and outputs provides further energy
savings because magnetic DW logic circuits do not consume power
when idle and do not need reloading of data after power-off. These
features make all-electric magnetic DW logic attractive for use in low-
power, ‘instant-on’ microelectronic processors that are ubiquitous in
modern-day electronics.
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