neurons continued
and memory 136
mirror 102–103
networks of 26–27, 61, 138, 139,
140, 14 4–145, 150, 151
production of 60
synchronicity of 163
neuroplasticity 26 , 45
neuropsychiatric disorders 190
neuroscience 10, 11
neuroticism 177
neurotransmitters 20, 22–25,
26–27, 55, 57
and attention 154, 164
and brain disorders 185, 212
a n d e m o t i o n s 111, 112 , 114
and memory 136, 137
and movement 99
and personality 176
and time 175
nicotine 24, 52
NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy)
186
nociceptors 82
noise, filtering out 75
nonassociative learning 134
nonbinary brains 59
nondeclarative (implicit) memories
135
nonverbal communication
118 –119, 129
noradrenaline 24, 114, 137, 154,
186
nose 78, 81
nuclei 32–33, 36, 92, 186, 187
nucleus accumbens 112, 113
numerical ability 51
nutrition 52, 54–55O
obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD) 185, 209
occipital lobe 29, 30
occipital-temporal area 131
odors 78–79, 81
olfactory bulb 38, 78, 81, 134
olfactory cortex 65, 78
olfactory epithelium 78
oligodendrocytes 21
omega-3/-6 fatty acids 55, 61
openne ss 17 7
opioids 113
optic chasm 68
optic nerve 12, 66, 67, 68
optical illusions 73
orbitofrontal cortex 30, 78, 81, 118,
209
orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex 123
organ of Corti 75
organelles 21organizational skills 200
organum vasculosum 95
ossicles 74
outer ear 74
ovaries 93
overclocking 190
oxygen 52, 199, 204, 206
oxytocin 48, 91, 107, 114 , 115PQ
Pacinian corpuscles 83
packets of time 174
pain
brain tissue 10
feeling 86–87
headaches and migraines 196
managing 88–89, 186
pain fibers 86
pain receptors 86
pain relief, natural 87
pancreas 93, 94
panic attacks 109 , 208
papillae 80
paracellular transport 18
parahippocampal gyrus 38
paralysis 199, 203
paraplegia 203
parasympathetic nervous
s ys tem 13
parathyroid gland 93
pareidolia 72
parenthood 48 , 114
parietal cortex 121, 173, 178
and intelligence 150
and movement 96, 97, 98, 100,
10 3 , 111
parietal lobe 29, 30, 171
and attention 164
and intelligence 151
and memory 134
and morality 122
and movement 100, 102
and senses 70, 71, 84
parietal-temporal cortex 131
Parkinson’s disease 33, 130, 174,
185, 200, 201
parsing, in speech decoding 129
pattern sequences 153
Pavlov, Ivan 134
pedunculopontine nucleus 186
peers
peer pressure 47
and sense of self 179
perception 72–73, 162–163, 171
of time 175
perceptual learning 134
perceptual theory 175
perfectionism 214
periaqueductal gray 186
peripheral nervous system 12, 36personality 176 –177
assessing 177
disorders 200, 201, 210, 213
PET (positron emission
tomography) scans 41
petit mal 197
pH regulation 90
phobias 109, 208
phonological recoding 131
phosphates 137
photographic memory 149
photoreceptors 67
phrenology 30
physical brain 10
male and female 58–59
physical illusions 73
physical self 178
physiological illusions 73
pia mater 16, 198
pica 39
pictures 153
pineal gland 93, 200
Pinocchio illusion 85
pituitary gland 34, 35 , 92, 93, 95,
114, 200, 208
placebo effect 158
planning 101
plaques 50, 202
plasma 17
plasticity 151
pleasure 39, 113, 212
polarization 22–23
polygraphs 121
pons 32, 36
position, sense of 84, 85
positive feedback 91
post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) 147 , 208
postconcussive amnesia 197
posterior cingulate cortex 123
posterior superior temporal lobe
122
postsynaptic neurons 23, 113
posture 37, 118, 119
potassium ions 22
practice, and memory 136, 139 , 142
preconscious 169
preference beliefs 159
prefrontal cortex 45, 47, 102, 173,
174, 178
and emotions 107, 114, 121, 167
and memory 145, 167
prefrontal loop 33
pregnancy 44, 147, 204
premotor area (PMA) 96, 97, 102,
103
premotor cortex 31
prenatal screening 204
pressure sensors 84
presynaptic neurons 23, 113, 136
primary auditory cortex 75, 76primary motor area 97, 98
primary taste area 65
priming 134
procedural memories 135
progesterone 93
proportional theory 175
proprioception 64, 65, 84–85
proprioceptors 82, 84, 85
prosopagnosia 71
prostaglandins 86
prostheses 182, 184 , 190
protein transporters 19
proteins 57, 200
in diet 54
protons 40–41
psychometric testing 153
psychopathy 123
psychotic disorders 170, 211
PTSD (post-traumatic stress
disorder) 147 , 208
pulse 121
pulvinar nucleus 187
punishment 39
pupils 66, 108, 118
purging 214
putamen 33, 96, 100, 134
quadriplegia 203R
radial glia 21
radio waves 41, 190
rationality 122
reaction pathways 100
readiness potential 96
reading 127, 130 –131, 215
reasoning 171
receptors
bionic limbs 184
crossing the blood-brain barrier
19
memor y 136, 137
nerve signals 22
olfactory 78
senses 64, 65
smell 65
stretch 91
taste 65, 80, 81
thermoreceptors 91
touch 82, 83
recognition 38, 70, 71, 141, 200
red blood cells 93
reflex actions 86, 100, 101 , 108
regulatory system 90–91
rehabilitation 212
rehearsing actions, and mirror
neurons 103
relationships 52
relaxation techniques 88
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
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