222 223
renin 93, 95
rep e tition 136, 137
repetitive behaviors 217
repolarization 22
“rest-and-digest” state 13
resting potential 22, 23
resting state 156, 189
reticular formation 36, 87, 90
reticulospinal tract 98
retinal implants 182–183
retina 66, 67, 68
retrograde amnesia 146
retronasal olfaction 81
reuptake inhibitors 24, 25
reward centers 39 , 112–113, 123,
186, 209, 212
rhy thm 76
right hemisphere 10, 29
risk-taking 46, 212
rituals 209
robotics 184, 188, 190
rods, in retina 67
root hair plexus 82
rubrospinal tract 98
Ruffini endings 83S
sadness 106, 107, 111, 116, 206
salience network 154, 155
saliva 108
salt levels 95
savant syndrome 148
scanning technology 40 – 41
schizophrenia 47, 170, 211
Schwann cells 21
sciatic nerve 12
sclera 66
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
207
Seattle Longitudinal Study 51
secondary auditory cortex 76
secondary taste area 65
seizures 147, 197 , 198, 201
selective attention 165
self, sense of 10, 178 –179
self-awareness, physical 84
self-consciousness 47, 125
self-control 46, 61, 171, 209, 212
self-description 179
self-esteem 214
self-harm 217
self-image 208
selflessness 123
semantic memories 135
semantics 128
senses 10, 64–65
and attention 164
hearing 74 –77
proprioception 84–85
sight 66 –73senses continued
smell 78 –79
superhuman 182–183
taste 80–81
touch 82–83
sensory cortex 107
sensory data 184
sensory deprivation 170
sensory nerves 12, 101
sensory perception 26, 28, 111,
211
septicemia 198
serotonin 24, 107, 111 , 114, 186
sex 112, 113, 114 –115
determination of 58
sexual abuse 214
sexual arousal 13
shapes 14 –15
shell shock 147
short-term memory 29, 52, 134
sight 64, 66 –73, 182
sign language 119
sinuses 16
sinusitis 198
size, brain 14 –15
skeleton 98
skills, new 52, 100–101, 102, 147,
156, 215
skin 64, 82–83
artificial 183
skull 16–17, 197
fractures 41
sleep 28, 35, 156, 172–173
deprivation 173, 205
disorders 173 , 206
and memory 138, 142
narcolepsy 205
in teenagers 46, 172
sleep-wake cycle 36, 187
sle epw alking 173
small-world networks 27
smell 38, 39, 65, 78 –79, 182
and taste 79, 81
smiling 110, 117
smoking 24, 52
sneezing 66
social anxiety disorder 208
social communication 217
social interactions 52, 117, 118, 217
social media 179
social networks 61
social norms 122
sodium ions 22
somatic nervous system 12, 13
somatic symptom disorder 210
somatosensory cortex 31, 65, 81,
82, 83 , 87, 178, 183, 184
somatostatin 93
sound, perceiving 76 –77
sound waves 64, 74
spastic paralysis 203spatial awareness 59, 70, 71, 148,
171, 215
spatial information 68, 164
spatial recognition 152
specific language impairment 215
speech 29, 119, 126 –127, 217
conversation 128–129
loss of 202
and lying 121
slurred 198, 199, 201, 203
spina bifida 203, 205
spinal cord 12, 13, 17, 28, 29, 36, 87
disorders 202, 203
movement 97, 98–99, 101
spinal nerves 12, 28
spindle fibers 85
spinocerebellum 37
spor ts 100–101
SQUIDS (superconducting
quantum interference
devices) 43
stapes 75
stem cells 49
stereoscopic vision 69
stimuli
and aging 52
and consciousness 162, 163
hypothalamus 34
innate responses 110
and reward centers 112, 212
senses 64–65
skin sensors 82
stomach 93
stress 52, 61, 88, 147, 156, 196, 208,
2 0 9, 211
stretch receptors 84, 85
striatum 32
strokes 41, 127, 197, 199 , 203, 205
study technique 138
subarachnoid hemorrhage 199
subarachnoid space 50, 51
subdural hematoma 199
subfornical organ 95
substance abuse 24, 25, 47, 212,
214
substantia nigra 28, 32, 33, 97, 175,
201
subthalamic nucleus 33, 97
suicide 206
sulcus 30
sunlight 207
superior autobiographical memory
149
superior colliculus 164
superior temporal gyrus 118
supernatural explanations 159
supplementary motor area (SMA)
96, 97
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 187
supramarginal gyrus 127
s u r p r i s e 111, 116 , 117survival 112
sustained attention 165
swallowing 36, 202
sweating 107, 108, 109, 110, 121
symbolic gestures 119
symbols, and reading 130
sympathetic nervous system 13,
108
synesthesia 64
synapses 20, 22, 23 , 24, 25, 26
aging 51
in babies 45
and memory 136, 138, 139, 145,
189
synaptic cleft 23, 26, 27, 99
synaptic pruning 46
synaptic weight 26
s ynt a x 128, 129T
talking 37, 124 –125
talking therapies 213
taste 65, 79, 80–81
taste buds 80, 81
Tay-Sachs disease 57
tDC S 190 –191
technology addiction 24
teenagers 46–47, 172
telepathy, electronic 189
temperature, body 90, 91, 175, 187
temporal lobe 29, 30, 39, 171, 211
and memory 134, 147
and movement 100
and senses 70, 71, 76, 127
temporal pole 122
tendon receptors 84, 85
tension sensors 84
tertiary auditory cortex 76
testes 93
testosterone 93, 115
thalamus 29, 32, 33, 34, 35 , 36, 37,
58
and brain disorders 196, 209
and emotions 107, 108, 121
and memory 134
and movement 97, 100
as relay station 187
and senses 68, 74, 75, 84, 87, 90
thermoreceptors 82
thermoregulation 28
theta brain waves 42
thinking 11
thinking speed 52
thirst 94, 95
thymine 56
thymus 93
thyroid gland 93
TIA (transient ischemic attack) 199 ,
203
tics 209US_218-224_Index_acks.indd 223 20/09/2019 12:54