11 http://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/. Accessed October 9, 2019.
12 http://www.pbs.org/transistor/background1/corgs/bellabs.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
13 Earl Bakken, A Full Life, The Autobiography of Earl Bakken. Self published, p. 38.
14 http://www.medtronic.com/us-en/about/facts-stats.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
15 Henry Ellis, and John W. Kirklin, “Aortic Stenosis,” Surgical Clinics of North America, Aug.
1955, p. 1033.
16 W. Bruce Fye, Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford,
UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 250.
17 Ibid., p. 253.
18 A. F. Crocetti, “Cardiac Diagnostic and Surgical Facilities in the United States,” Public
Health Rep., 1965, 80: 1035–53.
19 W. Bruce Fye, Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford,
UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 323.
20 W. Bruce Fye, Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford,
UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 323, quoting Hurst, “History of Cardiac
Catheterization,” in S. B. King III and J. S. Douglas, eds. Coronary Arteriography and
Angioplasty (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985), pp. 5–6.
21 W. Bruce Fye, Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford,
UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 326, quoting D. B. Effler to F. A. LeFevre, Nov. 8,
1960, Effler Papers, CCA.
22 A. Roguin, Cardiovascular Interventions. Circulation: 2011;4:206–209.
23 https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/no-old-maps-actually-say-here-be-
dragons/282267/. Accessed October 9, 2019.
24 R. P. Hudson, “Eisenhower’s heart attack: How Ike beat heart disease and held onto the
presidency,” (review). Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 72 (1), p. 161–62.
25 https://www.azquotes.com/quote/1267465. Accessed October 9, 2019.
SIXTEEN: SPECIALIZATION IN SURGERY
1 William Osler, “Why is it so? Is it so?” Journal of the Tennessee State Medical Association,
1919, 12: 222.
2 Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign
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3 Ibid.
4 US Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970
(Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, 1975), p. 78.
5 W. Bruce Fye, Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford,
UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 9.
6 https://www.thoughtco.com/how-skyscrapers-became-possible-1991649. Accessed October
9, 2019.
7 https://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/f-scale.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
8 S. H. Severson, Rochester: Mecca for Millions (Rochester, MN: Marquette Bank & Trust,
1979).