33 Ibid.
34 R. Lee, et al., “Fifteen-year outcome trends for valve surgery in North America,” Annals of
Thoracic Surgery; 91, 2011, pp. 677–84.
35 Ibid.
36 F. Algahtani, et al., “Contemporary trends in the use and outcomes of surgical treatment of
tricuspid regurgitation,” Journal of the American Heart Association, Dec., 6(12): e007597,
pp. 1–10.
37 J. S. Gammie, et al., “Trends in mitral valve surgery in the United States: Results from the
Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Database,” Annals of Thoracic Surgery; 87,
2009, pp. 1431–9.
38 A. R. Opotowsky, et al., “A shifting approach to management of the thoracic aorta in
bicuspid aortic valve,” Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Aug., 146(2),
2013, pp. 339–46.
39 K. McDermott, et al., “Overview of Operating Room Procedures During Inpatient Stays in
U.S. Hospitals,” 2014. Statistical Brief #233. December, 2017. Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality, Rockville, Md. HCUP-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-
2014 (1).pdf. Accessed Jan. 13, 2018.
40 R. Lee, et al., “Fifteen-year outcome trends for valve surgery in North America,” Annals of
Thoracic Surgery; 91, 2011, pp. 677–84.
41 K. McDermott, et al., “Overview of Operating Room Procedures During Inpatient Stays in
U.S. Hospitals,” 2014. Statistical Brief #233. December, 2017. Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality, Rockville, Md. HCUP-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-
2014 (1).pdf. Accessed Jan. 13, 2018.
42 Ibid.
43 S. Kurtz, et al., “Implantation trends and patient profiles for pacemakers and implantable
cardioverter defibrillators in the United States: 1993–2006,” Pacing and Clinical
Electrophysiology, June 1, 2010.
44 M.J.P. Raatikainen, et al.; “Statistics on the use of cardiac electronic devices and
electrophysiological procedures in the European Society of Cardiology countries: 2014
report from the European Heart Rhythm Association,” Europace 17, 2015, i1–i75.
45 Anahad O’Connor, “Heart Stents Still Overused, Experts Say,” New York Times, Aug. 15,
2013, https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/15/heart-stents-continue-to-be-overused/.
Accessed March 8, 2018.
46 L. Szabo, “Stents open clogged arteries of 1M Americans annually,” Aug. 6, 2013.
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/08/06/bush-stent-heart-
surgery/2623111/. Accessed March 8, 2018.
47 Ilene McDonald, “Half of cardiac stent procedures overused, unnecessary,” Fierce
Healthcare. https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/half-cardiac-stent-procedures-
overused-unnecessary. Accessed March 8, 2018.
48 R. Riley, et al., “Trends in coronary revascularization in the United States from 2001 to
2009, recent declines in percutaneous coronary intervention volumes,” Circulation:
Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, March 1; 4(2); 2011, pp. 193–97.
49 A. Epstein, “Coronary revascularization trends in the United States, 2001–2008,” JAMA,
May 4, vol. 305,(17), 2011, pp. 1769–776.
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