3 CONFERENCES AT PRAGUE AND BERGEN AND THE LOOMING WAR 267taken by the Powers is to establish a moral code providing for the exclu-
sive ownership of the territories in question by the controlling race.’^90
Kiyusawa further insisted that if the Japanese standard of living was
to be raised, either Japan’s population pressure must be eased or Japan
must be given greater access to international markets. Kiyusawa stated
that as ‘hard’ as it was for him to say it as a Japanese liberal, he had to
say that he felt that ‘something must be basically wrong somewhere in
the present world’ and that under present world conditions the Japanese
could not hope for ‘fair play.’ Turning to the theme of peaceful change,
Kiyusawa stated that one could not realise the ‘desired’ result merely
by teaching the necessity of international order and security as one had
also to examine the ‘real causes of disturbances’; this, he added, was the
‘ABC of teaching international relations’.^91
The only person to respond to Kiyusawa’s speech was Brooks Emeny, the
director of the American Foreign Affairs Council. Emeny, who represented
both the American Coordinating Committee for International Studies and
the IPR at Prague, stated that in the United States it was considered very
important that American students understood the Japanese perspective on
raw materials, demographic pressure and trade barriers. However, Emeny
went on to insist that intellectual honesty called for recognition of the fact
that in the United States as well as in other countries, economic arguments
‘can be used as excuses for policies which may be questionable.’^92
A meeting of economists
The meetings concerning economic policies in relation to world peace
took place on the afternoon of May 26 and the morning of May 27. The
two meetings were ‘strictly confined to an exchange of reports as to the
progress of preparation under way in the various countries and to various
technical questions’ that had arisen in the course of preparation.^93 In his
(^90) Ibid.
(^91) Ibid., 307.
(^92) Ibid., 310.
(^93) International Studies Conference: Report by the General Rapporteur Professor J. B.
Condliffe on the Meetings on Economic Policies in Relation to World Peace, AG IICI-
K-XI-22. John Bell Condliffe noted that at the conference in Prague there was ‘general
agreement that previous conférences had suffered from a mass of unrelated and somewhat
uneven papers presented and there was a general desire for more concentrated and uniform
preparation as a basis for precise and effective round-table discussion’ (ibid.).