280 J.-A. PEMBERTON
and ‘oppressed by the shadow of war.’ Indeed, he argued, that the
world’s descent into a state of mutual hostility and suspicion showed that
the problem of economic cooperation was much more political than had
been thought by economic liberals in the past.^134
This argument, he pointed out, had recently been advanced by
Rappard in Post-War Efforts for Freer Trade, a publication which had
resulted from the Cobden lectures that Rappard had delivered at the
LSE in early February 1938 and which had been issued by the GRC in
March of the same year. Therein Rappard stated the following:
Richard Cobden taught us to seek for peace through free trade. But all
recent experience shows both that international trade cannot be free in a
world of hostile or potentially hostile and therefore suspicious sovereign
States and that trade alone cannot ban international hostility and suspi-
cions. The problem is thus more complex, because less exclusively eco-
nomic, than it appeared to Cobden.^135In the spirit of Rappard, Heilperin concluded that the preservation of
peace demanded an international policy of economic interdependence
that was designed in a such a way that it would be very difficult for a
state to be autarkic. A well designed policy of economic interdepend-
ence, would lessen the temptation to resort to war: it would render war
more costly and would generate an atmosphere in which a state desiring
autarky would be regarded as a peace breaker.^136
Similar views were expressed by another economist, namely, Louis
Baudin of the University of Dijon. Citing the example of Heinrich Hunke,
an economic advisor to the National Socialist German Workers’ Party,
Baudin pointed out that some contemporary German theorists considered
that the distinction between a peacetime economy and a wartime econ-
omy had been ‘superseded’.^137 He noted that according to Hunke, since
‘defence is included in the very definition of the nation...the national
(^134) Ibid., 55.
(^135) William E. Rappard, ‘Post-War Efforts for Freer Trade,’ Geneva Studies 9, no. 2
(Geneva: Geneva Research Centre, 1938), 66.
(^136) Heilperin, International Monetary Organisation, 56.
(^137) Heinrich Hunke, 1938, quoted in Louis Baudin, Free Trade and Peace (Paris:
International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation, 1939), 57n.