vAcknowledgements
I am considerably indebted to a number of people who have sup-
ported me in preparing this manuscript. I would like to thank Mark and
Sally Pemberton, Gail Pemberton, Gregory Pemberton and Christian
Pemberton. Many thanks to Peter Carman and Jean-Michel Ageron-
Blanc, president and chef d’enterprise respectively of the Paris American
Academy for their generous assistance during my stays in Paris. I am
especially grateful to the following archivists: Jens Bol, Alexandre
Coutelle, Mahmoud Ghander and Steve Nyong. Their help and exper-
tise made it possible for me to access archival records and other mate-
rials of the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s held in the UNESCO Archives in
Paris. I would also like to express my gratitude to Richard and Yvonne
Fordham, Alison and Christopher Hodel, Martin and Tina Leggett and
Cecily Lilian Steptoe for their support and encouragement and for the
great interest they have shown in this project throughout.