1 PEACEFUL CHANGE OR WAR? 67the conference’s proceedings, Holland and Kate L. Mitchell, the latter
being one of three assistant secretaries at the International Secretariat of
the IPR (the activities of which, Tomoko Akami points out, were trans-
ferred in stages by Carter from Honolulu to New York in the years 1933
to 1936 as ‘part of his design to make the IPR a world organization’),
reported that the Soviet unit of the IPR was ‘formally constituted on
June 28, 1934, as the Pacific Institute of the U.S.S.R.’ On August 6 of
that year, the USSR Council informed Carter, who had been elected to
the position of secretary general of the IPR in August 1933, of its wish
to accept the invitation issued to it in 1931 by the Pacific Council to
become a full member organisation.^206 Holland and Mitchell further
reported that since the time of its constitution, ‘the Soviet Council’
had played ‘an active and valuable part in the general activities of the
Institute, especially in research and publications’ and that it had arranged
to submit to the IPR’s 1936 conference a series of data papers ‘on Soviet
policies and progress in its Far Eastern territories.’^207
The Pacific Council’s invitation to the USSR Council issued from a
unanimous decision taken at Hangchow to offer of the then Pacific
Committee at Moscow membership of the IPR with a seat on its gov-
erning body. According to Lasker and Holland in the preface to the
proceedings of the Banff conference, the Moscow group had earlier
expressed a desire to participate in preparations for the Banff confer-
ence and to at least send an observer to it. However, they added, the
fact that the governments of Canada and the United States did not
(^206) Akami, Internationalizing the Pacific, 173, and Holland and Mitchell, eds., Problems
of the Pacific, 1936, vii. The name of the Russian unit of the IPR is listed in an appendix to
the published record of the proceedings at the Yosemite conference as follows: ‘U.S.S.R.
Council, Institute of Pacific Relations.’ Printed below the name of the USSR Council is the
following entry: ‘Pacific Institute, 20 Razin St., Moscow.’ ‘Appendix 5: National Councils
and Secretaries of the Institute of Pacific Relations,’ in Holland and Mitchell, eds., Problems
of the Pacific, 1936 , 455. For Edward C. Carter’s election as secretary general of the
IPR, see Lasker and Holland, Problems of the Pacific, 1933, xi. For the roles of Holland
and Mitchell at the International Secretariat of the IPR see ‘Appendix 1: Conference
Membership and Committees,’ Holland and Mitchell, eds., Problems of the Pacific, 1936,
441.
(^207) Holland and Mitchell, eds., Problems of the Pacific, 1936, vii. For Edward C. Carter’s
election as secretary general of the IPR, see Lasker and Holland, Problems of the Pacific,
1933 , xi.