List of figures
1.1 French (and French Creole) spoken at home, 2007
2.1 Language variation over space
2.2 Percent r-fulness in three NYC department stores
2.3 (r) after vowels
2.4 Five decades of film and the rate of change from r-less to r-ful, by
actor’s original rhoticity status whether r-ful or r-less
2.5 Percent postvocalic r maintenance by age, location, and race
2.6 International Phonetic Alphabet and the author’s vowel system
2.7 Geographic areas participating in the Northern Cities Chain Shift
2.8 Northern Cities Chain Shift (abstracted)
2.9 Isogloss bundle indicating a boundary between the North and
Midlands dialect regions
2.10 The use of quotative discourse markers over time in California
2.11 Past participles for to drink over space
4.1 Bad grammar destroys nations
4.2 Ratings of the fifty states, New York City, and Washington, DC, for
language “correctness”
5.1 The language subordination model
5.2 Ideology as the bridge or filter between language change and social
structures
5.3 Accepting or rejecting the communicative burden
6.1 Percentage of 4th graders who scored less than “basic” reading
skills, by race and income
6.2 Student evaluation of lecturer’s ethnicity and accent, recorded
humanities lecture
6.3 Student evaluation of lecturer’s ethnicity and accent, recorded
science lecture
6.4 Student comprehension scores, by ethnicity of slide viewed and
subject of lecture
7.1 The Eternal Jew