266 SPECIALPROVIDENCEtiestohard-coreregimeloyalists.Asitturnedout,however,exposing
theCommunistfaithfultoWesternsocieties,artists,andscholarsplayed
a significantroleinweakeningthegripofcommunistideologyonthe
Communistelite.
Ontheotherhand,idealisticargumentsthatmenlikeHoChiMinh
andFidelCastrowereaspiringnationalistswhocouldbesavedfrom
communismbyAmericanfriendshiphavenotheldupwell.Duringthe
Cold Warsome doves argued that Americanhostilityhelped spark
theColdWarbyforcingtheSovietstoadoptdefensivebehavior;these
assertions, too,havebeensomewhatunderminedbythedocumentary
recordsemergingfromtheformerlyCommunistworld.
Beallthatasitmay,theendoftheColdWaropeneda newerain
Americanforeignpolicy.Aslateas 1989 itseemedasiftheColdWar
divisionbetweenhawksanddoveswasenduringandmonolithic.The
debatesoverUnitedStatespolicyinCentralAmericafeatureda castof
characterslittlechangedfromtheVietnam-eradebatesor,forthatmat-
ter,fromthegreatdebatesofthe1950s.Thepoliticsofdisarmament-
withhawksfavoringcautionandwarningoftheproblemsofverifiability,
andwithdovesarguingforboldersteps-alsoreflectedpositionsthat
wentbackmanyyears.Overthedecadesthesepositionshadfrozeninto
solidpoliticalblocs,andindividualsmostlyespousedverypredictable
views.ThoselikejournalistandauthorVictorNavasky,whohadthought
AlgerHissinnocentin1952,werelikelytoopposeAmericanmilitary
engagementinCentralAmerica,toturnagainsttheVietnamWarearly
ratherthanlate,tosupportsanctionsagainsttheapartheidregimein
SouthAfrica,andtoopposetheembargoagainstCastro'sCuba.Those
likeSen.StromThurmond,whothoughtHissguilty,couldgenerallybe
countedontotakeopposingstandsineachofthesecases.
Ittooktimeforthenewpoliticsoftheneweratomanifestitselffully,
butbytheendofthetwentiethcentury,itwasbecomingclearthatthe
oldColdWarlanguageno longerdescribedthepoliticsofAmerican
foreignpolicy.IssueslikeChinapolicyandtradeproducednewcoali-
tions,splittingboththeoldhawkanddovecampsinunexpectedways.
Vietnam-eradoves flocked with neoconservative hawks to denounce
China'shumanrightsrecordandtodemandtradesanctionsagainstBei-
jing.Mixedflocksofdovesandhawksalsotooktothemediaduringthe
controversiesoverAmericanpolicyinBosniaandKosovoduringthe
199?s.SomeofthemostinveterateColdWarhawkswantednothingto
dowiththeinterventionsinthewarsoftheYugoslavsuccession,while