Special Providence_ American Foreign Policy and How It Changed World - Walter Russell Mead

TheRiseandRetreatoftheNewWorldOrder 267

someoftheCold War's most predictable doves soundedmore like
TheodoreRoosevelt onSanJuanHillthanGeorgeMcGovernas they
arguedforAmericanactionagainsttheSerbs.
Gropingfor newwaysofdescribingtheemergingpoliticalalign-
ments,commentatorsandpolicymakersturnedincreasinglytowardthe
older,pre-ColdWarlanguagetousewordslike"internationalist"and
"isolationist"todescribethenewpoliticsofAmerican\foreignpolicy.
Otherpolaritiesthatincreasinglyfigured indiscussionsincludedthe
contestbetween"multilateralist"and"unilateralist"approachestointer-
vention,andtheapproachestoregionalandworldtradeissuescalledfree
tradeandprotectionist.
AllthiswasasignthattheColdWartypologiesandclassifications
werenolongeruseful;coalitionsweredissolvingintotheirconstituent
schools.AstheColdWarcoalitionsbrokeup,thefourtraditionalschools
reassertedthemselves.Hamiltonians,Wilsonians,Jeffersonians,andJack-
sonianseachinterpretedtheendoftheColdWarina differentway,drew
theirownlessons fromevents,and set outtoshape post-ColdWar
Americanforeignpolicy inthelightoftheirvalues andhopes. Asa
resulttheColdWaralliancesbetweenHamiltoniansandJacksonianson
theonehandandWilsoniansandJeffersoniansontheotherbrokeup,
andnewcoalitionsstruggledtocohereinresponsetonewinternational
conditions.

TheQuestforaNewWorldOrder

InU.S.politicsattheendofthetwentiethcentury,theforeignpolicy
establishmentwasdivided,buttheoverwhelmingpreponderanceofelite
opinionwaseitherHamiltonian,Wilsonian,oranuneasyamalgamof
thetwo.Thecorporatesector,prominentthinktanksliketheInstitute
forInternationalEconomics,andmostoftheeconomicsprofessioninthe
universitiesunitedbehindtheHamiltonianprogramoffreetradeand
globalization;theincreasinglyinfluentialcommunityofnongovernmen-
talorganizations(NGOs)andthefoundationswhosupportedthemwere
largelyWilsonian;theintellectualsandprofessorswhoalternatebetween
thinktanksandgovernmentpostswerelargelydividedbetweenthese
twoviewpointsaswell.Jeffersonianscouldalsobefound;somewerelib-
ertarianintellecrualslikeTedGalenCarpenterattheCatoInstitute;oth-
ers were academics whose views on the limits and uses ofAmeri-