294 SPECIALPROYIDENCEstandardshorrifiedbothHamiltoniansintheUnitedStatesandtheir
partnersoverseas. Atbest,suchcomplicatedanddivisive new issues
wouldmakefurther progresstowardaHamiltonianworldeconomic
orderfarmoredifficult;atworst,theentireWTOsystemwouldexplode
ascivilsocietyplacedheavierandheavierdemandsonitsfragilerules
andprocedures.
Yetasthedecademovedforward,itwasclearthattheissuesbetween
HamiltoniansandWilsonianswouldnotgoaway.Repeatedclashesover
Chinapolicydemonstratedthatwhiletheystillagreedontheneedfor
strongglobalpolicy bythe UnitedStates, theirdifferencesover the
directionandprioritiesofthatpolicythreatenedtoendindeadlockand
throwpowerbydefaulttowardthosewhoopposedmostifnotallglobal
engagementbytheUnitedStates.Protectionistsopenlygloatedoverthe
WilsonianandHamiltoniandisagreementoverChinatrade,muchasthe
irreconcilableslikeWilliamBorahhadgloatedeightyyearsearlierover
thedeadlockbetweenWilsonandtheHamiltonianSenatorLodgeover
theLeagueofNations.
TheWTOsystemcreatedadditionalproblemsforWilsonians.Given
thesensitivitiesofmanyofthemembergovernments,negotiatorshad
establishedhighstandardsofprivacyandconfidentialityfordisputereso-
lutionandadjudicationpanels.Meetingswerenotopentothepress;the
recordsofproceedingswouldbekeptsecret;civilsocietygroupswerenot
abletopresentamicuscuriaebriefsinWTOproceedings.
Wilsonianscouldnotlettheseissuesgo.Thegovernanceof"interna-
tionalspace," theareaofinternationalagreementsandinstitutions,isof
vitalinteresttoWilsonianthinkers.Originallyinternationalspacewas
dominatedbygovernmentsandlargecorporations.Thedemocratization
ofinternationalspace-thegrowingpresenceofNGOs,tradeunions,
politicalparties,andothernoncorporateinterests-wasseenbyWilsoni-
ansasessentialtothehealthygrowthanddevelopmentofinternational
orderandlaw.Withtheextensionofinternationalspace-akeygoalof
Wilsonians-thequestion ofthe"democraticdeficit"ininternational
governancecameincreasinglytothefore.
Asmorecivilsocietygroupscametoseetherelevancetotheirdomes-
ticprioritiesofdecisionsmadebyinternationalinstitutions,andasnew
technologiesliketheInternetreducedthecostsandincreasedthemeans
forinternationalcooperationamongcivilsocietygroups,powerfulcoali-
tionsgrewup,capableofmountinginternationalcampaignsovertrade
policyandotherinternationalissues.
ThegradualWilsoniansecessionfromtheHamiltoniantradeagenda