TheRiseandRetreatoftheNewWorldOrder 307than 50 percentofClinton's 1996 shareoftheCubanAmericanvote,
garneringjust 18 percent.^25 Thisshiftprecludedwhatmightotherwise
havebeenanundisputedGorevictoryinFlorida.Additionally,contro-
versialdecisionstodelayandultimatelytostopmanualvoterecountsby
nominallyDemocraticCubanAmericanofficialsinDadeCountyeffec-
tivelyfrustratedGore'shopes.
Butforeignpolicyplayedanevenlargerroleinthe 2000 campaign.
WidespreadpublicdoubtsabouttheNAFTAandWTOtradeagree-
mentsandthepoliticalandeconomicagendabehindthemlargelyfueled
GreenPartycandidateRalphNader'spresidentialcampaign.Opposition
totradeagreementsseenasneglectinglaborandenvironmentalissues
becamea majorpreoccupationofstudentactivists,environmentalists,
andthelaborleft,enablingtheNadercampaigntoattractenoughvotes
todenyGorethepresidency.
GeorgeW.Bush,bycontrast,stressedthedifferencesbetweenhisfor-
eignpolicyandtheallegedexcessesofClintonianglobalism.Hecited
theClintoninterventioninHaitiasanexampleoftheunnecessaryuse
ofAmericanforces, and hiscampaignbothhinted that a Bushad-
ministrationwouldseektowithdrawAmericanforcesfromKosovoand
fulminatedagainsttheClintonadministration'ssupportforunpopular
internationalfinancialinstitutionsliketheIMFandtheWorldBank.
Behindtheseeffectiveattackslay twoverydifferentapproachesto
foreignpolicy,andthestrugglesbetweenthemwoulddominatetheearly
monthsofthenewadministration.Manyinthenewcivilianleadership
ofthePentagonwantedanassertive,unilateralforeignpolicyandsought
topresentthisapproachasa Jacksonianforeignpolicyforapost-Cold
Warsuperpower.TheultimategoalofAmericanforeignpolicyshould
be, they believed, toconvert thepresentAmericanhegemonyintoa
moredurablesystem.StrengtheningtheU.S.militarylead,andespe-
ciallythecreationofa massive, space-basedweaponssystem,wasthe
meanstheyenvisagedtoachievethisgoal.TheUnitedStates,theseJ ack-
sonians argued, was powerful enough to defy the hesitations ofits
allies-andrichenoughtoscornwarningsfromcountrieslikeRussia
andChinathata U.S.missiledefensesystemwouldsetoffa newarms
race.Thiswasthehour,theseJacksoniansbelieved,inwhichtheUnited
Statescouldandshouldmakeitsbidfortrueglobalsupremacy.
Jeffersoniansintheadministration-ledbySecretaryofStateColin
Powell-readthenationalinterestdifferently.TheUnitedStateswas,
theseofficialsbelieved,essentiallya statusquopowerwithfewdemands