Afterwcnd
iRincethefirsteditionofthisbookappeared,theworldofAmericanfor-
O eignpolicyhaschanged.OnSeptember11,2001,morethan3,000peo-
pleperishedinhijackedairlinersandinterrorattacksonNewYorkandthe
Pentagon.Sincethen,AmericanforceshaveoverthrowntheTalibanregimein
AfghanistanaswhatPresidentGeorgeW Bushcalleda firststepinAmerica's
new war-a war on terror. U.S. forces have moved into Georgia, the
Philippines,andYemen,andthePentagonhasbeguntoplananattackonIraq.
AsofJune2002,itseemedpossible,thoughbynomeanscertain,thatthewar
onterrorwould become,liketheColdWar,thecentralorganizingideaof
Americanforeignpolicyfora generationormore.
Thesedramaticchanges,however,didnotaltertheunderlyingstructureof
theAmericanforeignpolicysystem.Thefourschoolscontinuedtoplayavital
roleinAmericanforeignpolicyasthenationstruggledtocopewiththeafter-
mathoftheSeptemberattacks.
ThestrongandimmediateJacksonianresponsetotheattacksmadea deep
impressiononbothdomesticandforeignobservers.OsamabinLadenandhis
aidesappeartohavemadea commonmistakeabouttheUnitedStates.They
hadnotedthehesitationinAmericanforeignpolicyduringthe1990s,when
presidentswereslowtocommitU.S.forcesoverseasandquicktowithdraw
themintheabsenceofstrongJacksoniansupport,andtheyconcludedthat
whenfacedbya resoluteadversarycapableofinflictingcasualties,theUnited
Stateswouldbackdown.ThisispreciselywhattheJapaneseauthoritieshoped
forwhentheysoughttodisheartentheUnitedStates byknockingoutthe
PacificFleetinDecember1941.
NeithertheJapanesenorAl-Qaedaunderstoodwhatcanbecalledthe"Pearl
Harboreffect,"thetransformationofAmericanopinionwhichtakesplacefol-
lowinga peacetimeattackontheUnitedStates.ThePearlHarboreffectgal-
vanizesJacksonianopinionthroughoutthecountry,creatingdeepsupportfor
thedeterminedprosecutionofa war.TheBritishattackontheLexingtonmili-
tiain1776,theConfederacy'sattackonFortSumterin1861,realoralleged
NativeAmericanatrocities,andtheattackonPearlHarboritselfunitedmost
Americansbehindsupportformajorwars.WhenAmericanforcesgoabroadin
searchofmonsterstbdestroy-inBeirutunderRonaldReagan, inSomalia