NotesforChapterOne 341wastheauthorofHistoryoftheNegroRaceinAmerica(1883)andHistoryoftheNegroTroops
intheWaroftheRebellion(1888)andservedasU.S.ministertoHaiti(1885-86).
13.SidneyRatner,JamesH.Soli:ow,andRichardSylla,TheEvolutionoftheAmeri-
canEconomy:Growth,WelfareandDecisionMaking(NewYork: BasicBooks,1979),
pp. 2 I1-12;StatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStates 1998 (Washington,D.C.:U.S.Bureau
oftheCensus,1998),p.786;B.R.Mitchell,InternationalHistoricalStatistics:TheAmeri-
cas,1750-1993,4thed.(London:MacmillanReferenceLtd.,1998),pp.761-74.
14.U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,HistoricalStatisticsofthe
UnitedStates:ColonialTimesto 1957 (Washington,D.C.:U.S.GovernmentPrinting
Office,1957),p. 542.
15.PaulW.Gates,TheEconomicHistoryoftheUnitedStates,vol.3,TheFarmer'sAge:
Agriculture1815-1860(NewYork:Holt,Rinehart,andWinston,1960),p.152.
16.U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,HistoricalStatisticsofthe
UnitedStates,ColonialTimesto 1970 (Washington,D.C.:U.S.GovernmentPrinting
Office,1975),part2,seriesU274-294,pp.898-99.
17.RobertE.Lipsey,PriceandQualityTrendsintheForeignTradeoftheUnitedStates
(Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress,1963),pp.45-52.
18.U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,HistoricalStatisticsofthe
UnitedStates,ColonialTimesto1970,partI,seriesK-18,p.457.
19.MortonRothstein,"TheAmericanWestandForeignMarkets,1850-1900,"in
DavidM.Ellis,ed.,TheFrontierinAmericanDevelopment:EssaysinHonorofPaulWallace
Gates(Ithaca,N.Y.:CornellUniversityPress,1969),p.386.
20.RonChernow,TheHouseofMorgan:AnAmericanBankingDynastyandtheRiseof
ModernFirlance(NewYork:AtlanticMonthlyPress,1990),p.5.(Originallycitedin
RobertSobel,PaniconWallStreet:AClassicHistoryofAmerica'sFinancialDisaster!'witha
NewExplorationoftheCrashof 1987 [London:Macmillan,1968},p.42.)
21.BrayHammond,BanksandPoliticsinAmerica:FromtheRevolutiontotheCivil
War(Princeton,N.].:PrincetonUniversityPress,1957),pp.457-59.
22.KennethM.Stampp,Americain1857:A NationontheBrink(NewYork:Oxford
UniversityPress,1990),p.221.
23.MiraWilkins,TheHistoryofForeignInvestmentintheUnited-5tatesto 1914 (Cam-
bridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,'1989),p.194.
24.M.St.ClairClarkeandD.A.Hall,LegislativeandDocumentaryHistoryofthe
BankoftheUnitedStates:IncludingtheOriginalBankofNorthAmerica(Washington,D.C.:
GalesandSeaton,^1832 ),p. 417
25.DouglassC.North,TheEconomicGrowthoftheUnitedStates,1790-1860(Engle-
woodCliffs,N.].:Prentice-Hall,Inc.,1961),p. 143 (oncanalsandrailroads).Seealso
HarryH.Pierce,"ForeignInvestmentinAmericanEnterprise,"inEconomicChangein
theCivilWarEra,DavidT.GilchristandW. DavidLewis,eds.(Greenville,Del.:
EleutherianMills-HagleyFoundation,1965),pp.41-42(railroadsspecifically),pp.41-
53 (onforeigninvestmentmoregenerally).
26.Pierce,"ForeignInvestmentinAmericanEnterprise,"pp.48-49.
27.Ibid.
28.AlanBell,SydmySmith(Oxford,England:ClarendonPress,1980),p.2 11.
29.CitedinRichardHofstadter,ed.,GreatIssuesinAmericanHistory,vol.I,Fromthe
RwolutiontotheCivilWar, 1765-1865(NewYork:RandomHouse,1958),"Andrew
Jackson,BankVetoMessage,"pp.291-92.
30.Citedinibid.,vol.2,FromReconstructiontothePresentDay,1864-1981(New
York:RandomHouse,1982),"PopulistPartyPlatform,"pp.143-44.