Special Providence_ American Foreign Policy and How It Changed World - Walter Russell Mead

344 NotesforChapterThree

2 I.AstheAustrianministerofforeignaffairs,ofcourse.
22.See,forexample,GoreVidal,TheAmericanPresidency(Chicago,IL:Odonian
Press,CommonCouragePress/LPCGroup, 1996 ),pp.53-54.
23.AppendixtotheCongressionalGlobeofthe24thCongress,1stSession,vol.2.(Wash-
ington,D.C.:BlairandRives,eds.,1836),p.434.
24.Theexactcitationsare:
Whena stateincreasesinwealthandluxury,menindulgeinambitious
projectsandareeagerforhighdignities.Eachfeelsashamedthatanyof
hisfellowmenshouldsurpasshim.Thecommonpeoplefeelthemselves
oppressedbythegraspingofsome,andtheirvanityisflatteredbyothers.
Firedbyevilpassions,theyarenolongerwillingtosubmittocontrol,but
demandthateverythingbesubjecttotheirauthority.Theinvariable
resultisthatthegovernmentassumesthenoblenamesoffreeandpopu-
lar,butbecomesinfactthatmostinexecrablething,mobrule.
(Polybius(Histories6,c. 125 B.C.})

"Democracyismorecruelthanwarsorryrants."(Seneca(Epistulcemorales

adLucilium,104,c.A.D.63}).

25.AlexisdeTocqueville,DemocracyinAmerica,vol.I(NewYork:VintageBooks,

1990),p.234·

26.BenjaminDisraeli,WitandWisdomofBenjaminDisraeli,EarlofBeaconsfield(New

York:Appleton,1881),p.95.

27.TheOregonboundaryquestionagitatedpublicopinioninthe1840s,with

Americanopinionrallyingbehindthecry"Fifty-fourFortyorFight!"Thiswouldhave

giventheUnitedStatesmostofwhatisnowBritishColumbia.TheTrentaffaircamein

1861.AU.S.shipstoppeda Britishvesselininternationalwaters,searchedit,and

removedtwoConfederatecommissionerswhoweretravelingtoBritaintorepresent

theinterestsofrheSouthintheCivilWar.Britaindemandedtheirreturn;warwasnar-

rowlyavertedwhenLincolnacceptedtheBritishposition.Paradoxically,theAmerican

actwaslegalunderBritishlaw,whiletheBritishprotestreflectedthelongtimeAmeri-

canposition.

28.AccordingtotheNationalCommissiononExcellenceinEducation,in 1983

only 16 percentofhighschoolgraduatescompleteda geographycourse.(National

CommissiononExcellenceinEducation,ANationatRisk:TheImperativeforEducational

l?eform(Washington,D.C.:NationalCommissiononExcellence inEducation,1983},

pp.18-^1 9.

29.CharlesFrancisAdams,ed.,TheWorksofJohnAdams,vol.9 (Boston:Little,

Brown,1854),p.277.

30.GeorgeWashington,"TheFarewellAddress."InSaulK.Padover,ed.,The

WashingtonPapers(NewYork:Harper&Brothers,1955),p.321.

ChapterThree

ChangingtheParadigms

1.WillL.Clayton,"MemorandumfortheUnderSecretaryforEconomicAffairs,"

May27,1947,reprintedinMeredithHindley,"HowtheMarshallPlanCameAbout,"

Humanities(November/December1998).

2.JamesChace,Acheson:TheSecretaryofStateWhoCreatedtheAmericanWorld(Cam-

bridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversiryPress,1999).