348 NotesforChapterSix28.BruceCatton,U.S.GrantandtheAmerii-anMilitaryTradition(Boston:Little,
Brown,1954),p.17·
29.JamesA.Field,Jr.,AmericaandtheMediterraneanWorld,1776-1882(Prince-
ton,N.].:PrincetonUniversityPress,1969),pp.234-36.
30.Thefirstministerwasappointedin 1778 (Franklin),andthetitleofambassa-
dorwasfirstusedin 1893 (ThomasBayard).Merriam-Webster'sBiographicalDictionary,
p.380,andBecklesWillson,America'sAmbassadorstoEngland(1785-1929):ANarra-
tiveofAnglo-AmericanDiplomaticRelations(London:JohnMurray,1928),p.402.
31.SeeWillson,America'sAmbassadorstoEngland,p.282.
32. Ibid.,p.147.
33.Ibid.,p.^18 4.
34.HistoricalStatisticsoftheUnitedStates:ColonialTimesto1970,p.III5.
35.August7,1999,fromstaffandwirereports(CNN).
36.Basedonauthor'sinterviews.
37."ThedaythatFrancetakespossessionofN.Orleansfixesthesentencewhichis
torestrainherforeverwithinherlowwatermark.Itsealstheunionoftwonationswho
inconjunctioncanmaintainexclusivepossessionoftheocean.Fromthatmomentwe
mustmarryourselvestotheBritishfleetandnation."ThomasJefferson,"TheAffairof
Louisiana,"April18,1802,lettertotheU.S.MinistertoFrance,RobertR.Livingston,
inPeterson,jefferson:Writings,p.II05.
38.GortonCarruthetaI.,eds.,EncyclopediaofAmericanFactsandDates,6thed.
(NewYork,N.Y.:ThomasY.CrowellCompany,1972),p.124.
39.ThomasJefferson,"TheMonroeDoctrine,"October24,1823,letterwrittento
thepresidentoftheUnitedStates,JamesMonroe,inPeterson,jefferson: Writings,
p. 1482.
40.ThomasJefferson,"TheSpiritofManufacture,"June28,18°9,lettertoP.S.
DupontdeNemours,inibid.,p.1209.
41.HistoricalStatisticsoftheUnitedStates:ColonialTimesto1970,p.1142.
42.ChrisCookandBrendanKeith,BritishHistoricalFacts, 1830-1900(London:
MacmillanPress,Ltd.,1975),p.185.
43.JoelDavidSinger,TheWagesofWar,1816-1965(NewYork:JohnWiley&
Sons,Inc.,1972),pp.61-62.StatisticsforFranceandAustriaarefrom1859;Prussia,
from1864;andRussia,from1856.
44.HistoricalStatisticsoftheUnitedStates:ColonialTimesto1970,p.1142.
45.ThiswaslargelybasedonChile'sreadinesstodeployironcladsvis-a-vistheU.S.
Navy'sreversiontoanallwoodenfleet.MichaelClodfelter,WarfareandArmedCon-
flicts, vol. I(Jefferson,N.C.:McFarland&Company,1992),pp.578-81;ClarkG.
Reynolds,NaviesinHistory(Annapolis,Md.:NavalInstitutePress,1998),pp.120-36.
46.Encyclopediaofu.s.ForeignRelations,pp.34-35.
47.EricSolsten,ed.,Germany:ACountryStudy(Washington,D.C.:LibraryofCon-
gress,1995),p.50,fig.5·
48.Historii-alStatisticsoftheUnitedStates:ColonialTimesto1970,p.1141.
49.GeorgeW.Norris,"SpeechAgainstDeclarationofWar,"April4,1917,inHof-
stadterand Hofstadter,GreatIssuesinAmericanHistory,pp.212-15.
50.BruceW.JentlesonandThomasG.Paterson,eds.,EncyclopediaoIU.S.Foreign
Relations,vol.4 (NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1997),p.339.
51.Encyclopediaofu.s.ForeignRelations,vol.3,pp.231-33.