Slave Soldiers and Islam_ The Genesis of a Military System - Daniel Pipes

TheUnfreeinMuslim

Warfare,

2-205/624-820

115

mawlaoneAli’sside?

5

A

Daylamimawlawhohadconvertedat

thehandsofthe

ProphetfoughtforeAli,andanothermawla

helped

defenda

gilded

shield

on

Muwiya’s

behalf,

a6

Insteadof

fighting

onhisown,

Mueawiya

hada

mawla

impersonate

him

induels? Inanotherduel,anostensibleArabian
fightingfor

Muwiya

waskilledandturnedout

tobean

Ethiopian

slave,

as

In43/663,amawla

(Abfi

Alimawla

ofBanial-

.Hrith

b.Kaeb)

leda

Khfiriji

rebellionofmawlas;

according

to

al-Yaqfibi,

"this

wasthefirst

campaign

whichthemawlasundertook.

’’a9

Unfor-

tunately,

hedoesnotmakeitclear

whether

it

wastheirfirstcam-

paignaltogether

ortheirfirstas

Khrijis.

Theleaderofthatex-

peditionwas

probably

thesame

person

asAbfi

Miryam,

mawla

ofBani
al-H.

rithb.

Kab,a

Khriji

leaderof 200 or 400

mostly

mawlasoldiers

disparaginglycalledslaves

by

theirenemies;Abfi

Miryam

wasalsothefirstto

takewomenintobattle.

46

Unfree

soldiers

accompanied

al-H.

usayn

b.

Ali

b.Abi

Tlib

onhisfate-

fulmarchto
Iraq

in60/680and

werekilledwithhimatKar-

bal’.

41

Three

yearslater,

a

Shiq

leader

calledfor

help

fromthe

Bukhriya

andthemawlasinBasra.

42

The

sourcesmentionunfreesoldiers

fighting

onafewocca-

sionsinthefirst
warsof
conquest.

A

ghulm(slave?)

killedthe

Persiancommander
atal-Buwaybin

13/634.

4a

Unfreesoldiers

alsofoughtat
al-Qdisiya

in14/625,the

conquest

of

Jerusalem

in
15/636, the
conquest

of

Syria, Shuhriyj,

ineastern Iran,

Transoxiana, Egypt,and
probably

inTabaristan.

44

Morere-

35.Ibn

Muzi.him,p.

249 T,

1:3293.

36.

Daylami:UG,2:230.Shield:T,1:3302.

37.Ibn

Muzh.im,p. 272 Din,p.176.

38.Ibn

MuzSh.im,p.

276

T,1:3307.Foramawlakilledin41/661,see

Khalifa,
p.

235.

3,9.

TYac,2:221.

40. 200 or400:IA,2:485-86.Women:AA,4a:142.

41.T,

2:323,358,388,710;IS,6:238.

42.T,2:464.Onthe

Bukhtriya,seeWeilhausen,

p.

403

n.

3;Forand,

"Devel-

opment,"pp.

6-9;

T611ner,p.13;Fries,p.25;Gibb,p.19;deGoeje,Glossaries

toIbn
al-Faqih,
p.

xvi,andtoa[-Tabari,14:cxxvii.

43.T,1:2192-93.

44.

A1-Qdisiya:IS,6:271.

Jerusalem:

T,1:2408.

Syria:

al-Azdi,

Fut.

ash-

Shm,
p.

22.

Shuhriyj:FB,p.394;this

passage

istranslatedanddiscussedonpp.