DETECTING DECEPTION 225conversations. When liars attempt to fabricate an answer, their emphasis
looks unnatural or is delayed; rarely do they emphasize where appropri-
ate, or they choose to do so only on relatively unimportant matters.
We emphasize both verbally and nonverbally. Verbally, we emphasize
through voice, pitch, or tone, or through repetition. We also emphasize
nonverbally, and these behaviors can be even more accurate and useful
than words when attempting to detect the truth or dishonesty in a con-
versation or interview. People who typically use their hands while speak-
ing punctuate their remarks with hand gestures, even going so far as
pounding on a desk as they emphasize. Other individuals accentuate
with the tips of the fingers by either gesturing with them or touching
things. Hand behaviors complement honest speech, thoughts, and true
sentiments (Knapp & Hall, 2002, 277–284). Raising our eyebrows (eye-
brow flash) and widening our eyes are also ways of emphasizing a point
(Morris, 1985, 61; Knapp & Hall, 2002, 68).
Another manifestation of emphasis is seen when someone leans for-
ward with the torso, showing interest. We employ gravity-defying ges-
tures such as rising up on the balls of our feet when we make a significant
or emotionally charged point. When seated, people emphasize by raising
the knee (staccato-like) while highlighting important points, and added
emphasis can be shown by slapping the knee as it comes up, indicating
emotional exuberance. Gravity-defying gestures are emblematic of em-
phasis and true sentiment, something liars rarely display.
In contrast, people de-emphasize or show lack of commitment to
their own speech by speaking behind their hands (talking while covering
their mouths) or showing limited facial expression. People control their
countenance and engage in other movement restriction and withdrawal
behaviors when they are not committed to what they are saying (Knapp
& Hall, 2002, 320; Lieberman, 1998, 37). Deceptive people often show
deliberative, pensive displays, such as fingers to the chin or stroking of
cheeks, as though they are still thinking about what to say; this is in stark
contrast to honest people who emphasize the point they are making. De-
ceptive people spend time evaluating what they say and how it is being
received, which is inconsistent with honest behavior.