management.eLife 6 , e30925 (2017). doi:10.7554/
eLife.30925; pmid: 29231813- S. Baker, N. Thomson, F.-X. Weill, K. E. Holt, Genomic insights
into the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant
bacterial pathogens.Science 360 , 733–738 (2018).
doi:10.1126/science.aar3777; pmid: 29773743 - A. E. Sheppardet al., Nested Russian Doll-Like Genetic Mobility
Drives Rapid Dissemination of the Carbapenem Resistance
GeneblaKPC.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60 , 3767– 3778
(2016). doi:10.1128/AAC.00464-16; pmid: 27067320 - S. Conlanet al., Single-molecule sequencing to track plasmid
diversity of hospital-associated carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae.Sci. Transl. Med. 6 , 254ra126 (2014).
doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3009845; pmid: 25232178 - K. S. Bakeret al., Horizontal antimicrobial resistance transfer
drives epidemics of multipleShigellaspecies.Nat. Commun.
9 , 1462 (2018). doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03949-8;
pmid: 29654279
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank members of the community for their support, their
eagerness in sharing ideas, data, and resources, as well as their
lively discussions at Crown Gall Conferences. We thank L. Moore
for foresight and endeavors in preserving the agrobacterial culture
collection, and the many growers, S. Farrand, and J. Puławska
for providing samples and strains. We also thank J. Anderson,
T. Sharpton, C. Meehan, E.-M. Lai, W. Ream, and members of the
Chang, Putnam (Plant Clinic), Loper, and Grünwald labs for their
assistance and insightful comments. We acknowledge the staff
of the CGRB for their services.Funding:Supported by the National
Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
award 2014-51181-22384 (J.H.C., M.L.P., and N.J.G.); intramural
funding from Academia Sinica (C.-H.K.); USDA NIFA award 2017-
67012-26126 (A.J.W.); and a Provost’s Distinguished Graduate
Fellowship awarded by Oregon State University (E.W.D.). This
material is based on work supported by a NSF Graduate Research
Fellowship under grant DGE-1314109 to E.W.D. The funders had no
role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to
publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Author contributions:
A.J.W., E.W.D., J.T., M.M., J.E.L., N.J.G., M.L.P., and J.H.C.
conceptualized and designed the experiments. A.J.W., E.W.D., J.T.,
and M.S.B. performed the research. A.J.W., E.W.D., J.T., N.J.G.,
M.L.P., and J.H.C. analyzed the data. C.-H.K. contributed resources
prior to their publication. A.J.W., E.W.D., J.T., C.-H.K., N.J.G., M.L.P.,and J.H.C. wrote the paper. A.J.W., E.W.D., C.-H.K., N.J.G., M.L.P.,
and J.H.C. acquired funding.Competing interests:The authors
declare no competing interests.Data and materials availability:
Short reads and assemblies have been deposited in NCBI
as BioProject PRJNA607555 and accession numbers are listed
in data S1 and S10. Network graphs in nexus or sif format,
phylogenetic trees in Newick format, genome annotations, and
scripts can be downloaded fromhttps://github.com/osuchanglab/
AgrobacteriumEvolutionManuscript(DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3754985).
Strains sequenced in this study are available upon request.
Records were deidentified to mitigate privacy risks to growers.SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6495/eaba5256/suppl/DC1
Materials and Methods
Figs. S1 to S25
Data S1 to S19
References ( 36 – 86 )
11 December 2019; resubmitted 28 February 2020
Accepted 27 April 2020
10.1126/science.aba5256Weisberget al.,Science 368 , eaba5256 (2020) 5 June 2020 8of8
RESEARCH | RESEARCH ARTICLE